牛津实用英语语法 77用不定式或分词替代关系从句的情况
A不定式可用于下列各情况:
1在the first/second等词及the last/only等词之后,有时还在最高级形式之后:
the last man to leave the ship=the last man who left/leaves the ship最后离开船的那个人
the only one to understand=the only one who understood/understands唯一理解的人
注意:这里的动词不定式取代了主格代词+动词的结构。但它不能用来取代宾格代词+动词的结构,如the first man that we saw(我们看见的第一个人)中的从句就不能用动词不定式来代替,因为the first man to see(首先要见的人)这句话表示的是截然不同的意思。但如果that是被动句的主语,如the first man that was seen(第一个被看见的人),则可用一个动词不定式的被动形式:the first man to be seen(第一个被看见的人)来代替这一从句。
2句中含某种目的或许可的意义时:
He has a lot of books to read.
他有许多书要读。(许多可以读或必须要读的书)
She had something to do.
她有事要办。(一件她可以办或必须办的事)
They need a garden to play in.
他们需要有一个可供玩耍的花园。(他们可以在里面玩耍的一个花园)
注意:这里的动词不定式取代了动词+宾格关系代词的结构。有人可能会认为动词不定式的这两种用法会引起混乱,实际上这种情况很少出现,因为句中的其他部分会使动词不定式的含义变得很清楚。the first man to see这一短语本身可以理解成the first man that we must see(我们要见的第一个人,man是宾语)或the first man who saw(第一个见到某种别的人或物的人,man是主语),而当它成为句子的一部分时,其含义就显而易见了。
The first man to see is Tom.相当于:
The first man that we must see is Tom.
我们首先要见的人是汤姆。
但是:
The first man to see me was Tom.相当于:
The first man who saw me was Tom.
第一个看到我的人是汤姆。
B现在分词可用于下列各种情况:
1从句中的主要动词是进行时态时:
People who are/were waiting for the bus often shelter/sheltered in my doorway.相当于:
People waiting for the bus often shelter/sheltered
等公共汽车的人们常常在我家门口躲风避雨。
2从句中动词表示一个习惯性或连续性的动作时:
Passengers who travel/travelled in this bus buy/bought their tickets in books.相当于:
Passengers travelling
乘这路公共汽车的乘客买订成小本的车票。
Boys who attend/attended this school have/had to wear uniform.相当于:
Boys attending
在这个学校就学的男生必须穿校服。
a law which forbids/forbade the import=a law forbidding the import一条禁止进口的法律
a notice which warns/warned people=a notice warning people一张警告民众的通告
an advertisement which urges/urged=an advertisement urging一条鼓励(人们)的广告
同样:
a petition asking一份要求的请愿书
a letter ordering/demanding/telling一封命令/要求/通知的信
a placard protesting一块抗议的标语牌
placards protesting一些抗议的标语牌
3从句中的主要动词表示一种愿望,即句中动词是wish,desire, want,hope等(但不是like)时:
people who wish/wished to go on the tour=people wishing to go on the tour希望参加这次旅游的人
fans who hope/hoped for a glimpse of the star=fans hoping for a glimpse of the star希望看一眼这位明星的影迷
4含有上述动词之一或者含有表示知道、考虑的任何动词(例如know,think,believe,expect)的非限定性关系从句,也同样可以由一个分词短语来代替:
Peter,who thought the journey would take two days,said相当于:
Peter,thinking the journey would take two days,said
彼得认为旅行需要两天时间,他说
Tom,who expected to be paid the following week,offered相当于:
Tom,expecting to be paid the following week,offered
汤姆预计在下周能得到付款,他提出
Bill,who wanted to make an impression on Ann,took her to相当于:
Bill,wanting to make an impression on Ann,took her to
比尔想给安留下一个好印象,他带她到
A不定式可用于下列各情况:
1在the first/second等词及the last/only等词之后,有时还在最高级形式之后:
the last man to leave the ship=the last man who left/leaves the ship最后离开船的那个人
the only one to understand=the only one who understood/understands唯一理解的人
注意:这里的动词不定式取代了主格代词+动词的结构。但它不能用来取代宾格代词+动词的结构,如the first man that we saw(我们看见的第一个人)中的从句就不能用动词不定式来代替,因为the first man to see(首先要见的人)这句话表示的是截然不同的意思。但如果that是被动句的主语,如the first man that was seen(第一个被看见的人),则可用一个动词不定式的被动形式:the first man to be seen(第一个被看见的人)来代替这一从句。
2句中含某种目的或许可的意义时:
He has a lot of books to read.
他有许多书要读。(许多可以读或必须要读的书)
She had something to do.
她有事要办。(一件她可以办或必须办的事)
They need a garden to play in.
他们需要有一个可供玩耍的花园。(他们可以在里面玩耍的一个花园)
注意:这里的动词不定式取代了动词+宾格关系代词的结构。有人可能会认为动词不定式的这两种用法会引起混乱,实际上这种情况很少出现,因为句中的其他部分会使动词不定式的含义变得很清楚。the first man to see这一短语本身可以理解成the first man that we must see(我们要见的第一个人,man是宾语)或the first man who saw(第一个见到某种别的人或物的人,man是主语),而当它成为句子的一部分时,其含义就显而易见了。
The first man to see is Tom.相当于:
The first man that we must see is Tom.
我们首先要见的人是汤姆。
但是:
The first man to see me was Tom.相当于:
The first man who saw me was Tom.
第一个看到我的人是汤姆。
B现在分词可用于下列各种情况:
1从句中的主要动词是进行时态时:
People who are/were waiting for the bus often shelter/sheltered in my doorway.相当于:
People waiting for the bus often shelter/sheltered
等公共汽车的人们常常在我家门口躲风避雨。
2从句中动词表示一个习惯性或连续性的动作时:
Passengers who travel/travelled in this bus buy/bought their tickets in books.相当于:
Passengers travelling
乘这路公共汽车的乘客买订成小本的车票。
Boys who attend/attended this school have/had to wear uniform.相当于:
Boys attending
在这个学校就学的男生必须穿校服。
a law which forbids/forbade the import=a law forbidding the import一条禁止进口的法律
a notice which warns/warned people=a notice warning people一张警告民众的通告
an advertisement which urges/urged=an advertisement urging一条鼓励(人们)的广告
同样:
a petition asking一份要求的请愿书
a letter ordering/demanding/telling一封命令/要求/通知的信
a placard protesting一块抗议的标语牌
placards protesting一些抗议的标语牌
3从句中的主要动词表示一种愿望,即句中动词是wish,desire, want,hope等(但不是like)时:
people who wish/wished to go on the tour=people wishing to go on the tour希望参加这次旅游的人
fans who hope/hoped for a glimpse of the star=fans hoping for a glimpse of the star希望看一眼这位明星的影迷
4含有上述动词之一或者含有表示知道、考虑的任何动词(例如know,think,believe,expect)的非限定性关系从句,也同样可以由一个分词短语来代替:
Peter,who thought the journey would take two days,said相当于:
Peter,thinking the journey would take two days,said
彼得认为旅行需要两天时间,他说
Tom,who expected to be paid the following week,offered相当于:
Tom,expecting to be paid the following week,offered
汤姆预计在下周能得到付款,他提出
Bill,who wanted to make an impression on Ann,took her to相当于:
Bill,wanting to make an impression on Ann,took her to
比尔想给安留下一个好印象,他带她到