2024年高考英语语法复习专题巧突破 第一部分 专项专讲:冠词(含2024试题)
语境暗示法
在解答冠词类试题时,要注意三大原则:一是判断表示泛指还是特指;二是判断空格后的名词是可数名词还是不可数名词;三是判断空格后的名词是抽象名词还是具体名词。
1.(2024·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)India attained ________ independence in 1947, after ________ long struggle.
A.不填; a B.the; a
C.an; 不填
D.an; the
解析:选A 考查冠词。independence为抽象名词,因此其前不用冠词;struggle前由long来修饰此处表示具体的事物,其前应用冠词a。故选A。
2.(2024·重庆高考)The parents were shocked by ________ news that their son needed ________ operation on his knee.
A.a; /
B.the; /
C.the; an
D.a; an
解析:选C 考查冠词。“________ news”特指他们的儿子需要手术的消息,故第一空应用定冠词the;operation是单数可数名词,此处表示“一个手术”,故第二空应用不定冠词an。故选C。
3.(2024·山东高考)It was ________ cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across ________ night sky.
A.不填; a
B.a; the
C.the; a
D.the; 不填
解析:选B 考查冠词。根据语意可知,第一空泛指“一个寒冷的冬夜”,所以用不定冠词;第二空特指“那天晚上的天空”,所以用定冠词the。
一、不定冠词a/an的用法
1.单数可数名词前用不定冠词a/an表示泛指。
The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve people's wellbeing and a dream of harmony, peace and development.(2024·福建高考)
“中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦,是一个和谐、和平发展的梦。
2.在某些抽象名词前加不定冠词可使抽象名词具体化。
Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times. (2024·山东高考)
在困难时期能够买得起一杯饮料是一个莫大的安慰。
3.不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序,而表示“再一,又一”。
He missed the gold in the high jump, but will get a second chance in the long jump.(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)
他没得到跳高的金牌,但在跳远项目上还有一次机会。
4.a/an相当于every,表示“每一”。
—It's said John will be in a job paying over D|S60,000 a year.
—Right, he will also get paid by the week.(2011·江西高考)
——据说约翰将获得一个年薪超过六万美元的工作。
——是的,他的工资将按周支付。
[点津] 高中常见的纯不可数名词有:baggage, luggage, furniture, health, weather, fun, space (太空),advice, word (=news), progress, information, news, luck, wealth (财产)等。以上不可数名词永远不能与不定冠词连用。
Beyond the stars, the astronaut saw nothing but space.
除了星星,宇航员只能看见太空。
二、定冠词the的用法
1.用在名词前表示特指。
We are said to be living in the Information Age, a time of new discoveries and great changes.(2024·四川高考)
据说我们正生活在信息时代,一个充满了新发现和巨大变革的时代。
2.用在世界上独一无二的人或物、自然现象、发明物之前;或序数词和形容词最高级之前。
Marco Polo is said to have sailed on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in the thirteenth century.(2024·陕西高考)
据说在十三世纪马可·波罗去爪哇岛途中曾航行经过太平洋。
[点津] 有些物体也是独一无二,但习惯上却不用冠词。
Animals are obviously the lower form of life than man.(2024·江西高考)
动物显然是一种比人类低级的生命形式。
3.用在序数词和最高级前。
As is known to all, the People's Republic of China is the biggest developing country in the world.(2011·陕西高考)
众所周知,中华人民共和国是世界上最大的发展中国家。
4.用在表示计量的名词前如by the hour,by the dozen等,但若名词为抽象名词则不加冠词如by weight,by height等。例如2011年江西卷的by the week。
三、零冠词的用法
1.在不可数名词或可数名词复数前表示泛指不用冠词。
①Carl is studying food science at college and hopes to open up a meat processing factory of his own one day.(2024·安徽高考)
卡尔正在大学里学食品科学,他希望将来有一天开一家自己的肉食品加工厂。
②The Smiths don't usually like staying at hotels, but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by sea.(2024·安徽高考)
史密斯一家通常不喜欢住旅馆,但去年夏天他们在海边一家不错的旅馆住了几天。
2.称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作宾语或同位语时,不加冠词。
Dr.Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, a fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.(2011·四川高考)
这所学校的校长Peter Spence博士告诉我们:“五分之一的学生将继续到牛津或剑桥大学深造”。
固定搭配法
固定搭配中冠词的考查是一大难点,平常的积累非常重要,因此要多留意一些短语中冠词的使用。
1.(2024·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)Four and ________ half hours of discussion took us up to midnight, and ________ break for cheese, chocolate and tea with sugar.
A.a; a
B.the; the
C.不填; the
D.a; 不填
解析:选A 考查冠词。句意:四个半小时的讨论一直持续到半夜,在中间休息时我们吃了奶酪、巧克力以及喝了点加糖的茶。“四个半小时”可以表示为four and a half hours或four hours and a half。break意为“休息”,是可数名词,这里表示泛指,其前应用不定冠词。故选A。
2.(2024·浙江高考)People develop ________ preference for a particular style of learning at ________ early age and these preferences affect learning.
A.a; an B.a; 不填
C.不填; the
D.the; an
解析:选A 考查冠词。a preference表示“一种偏好”,develop a preference for“养成对……的偏爱”,故第一空用不定冠词a;at an early age是固定词组,意为“在很小的时候”,故选A项。
一、与不定冠词连用的常考习语
have a gift for 有……的天赋
get a lift/ride
搭便车
as a rule
通常,照例
in a hurry 匆忙地
once in a while 偶尔
a waste of
……的浪费
have a population of
有……人口
have a history of
有……的历史
have an area of
有……的面积
a knowledge of 知道
go on a diet
节食
in a sense
在某种意义上
at a loss
困惑,不知所措
all of a sudden
突然
a matter of
……的问题
二、与定冠词连用的常考习语
in the end
最后,终于
on the whole
总之
for the time being
暂时
on the radio/phone
通过无线电广播/电话
on the spot 在场,到场,立即,马上,当场
to tell (you) the truth
说实话,老实说
not in the least (=not at all)
一点也不
make the most/best of
充分利用
in the way
挡路
on the right/left
在右/左面
三、用零冠词的常考习语
ahead of time
提前
under repair
在修理之中
by mistake
错误地
by law
根据法律
on board
在船(或火车等)上
at war
在交战
in debt
负债
by air/land/water
乘飞机/走陆路/走水路
out of work/order/control/date/patience/reach/breath/danger/season
失业/不按次序/失控/过时/失去耐心/够不着/上气不接下气/脱离危险/不合时令或不在旺季
in use/danger/public
正被使用/处于危险之中/公开地,当众
come/rank first
名列第一
catch fire
起火
come to light
暴露,真相大白
come to power (=take office)
上任,掌权
make room for
为……腾出空间
1.(2024·西安市西北工大模拟)—Have you listened to ________ weather forecast, Linda?
—Yes. It says that there will be ________ heavy rain this weekend.
A.the; the
B.a; the
C.the; a
D.a; a
解析:选C 考查冠词。句意:“琳达,你听了天气预报了吗?”“是的,预报说本周末会有一场大雨。”第一空表示特指,用定冠词the;第二空a heavy rain表示“一场大雨”。
2.(2024·烟台市一模)—Have you seen ________Audi car? I parked it here this morning.
—Is it ________ white one? A young woman drove it away just now.
A.不填; the
B.an; a
C.an; 不填
D.a; the
解析:选B 考查冠词。句意:“你见过一辆奥迪车吗?我今天上午停在这里的。”“是一辆白色的吗?刚才一位年轻女士开走了。”第一空表泛指,用不定冠词an;第二空也表泛指,用不定冠词a。
3. (2024·西安市高三二模)In order to find ________ better job, he decided to study ________ second foreign language.
A.the; a
B.a; a
C.the; the
D.a; the
解析:选B 考查冠词。句意:为了找到更好的工作,他决定再学一门外语。第一空表示泛指;第二空中不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序,而表示“再一,又一”。
4.(2024·长春市高三二模)He told me ________ news that he got a new job in ________ excited whisper.
A.不填; an
B.a; 不填
C.the; an
D.a; the
解析:选C 考查冠词。news是不可数名词,且其后有定语从句限定,第一空应加表示特指的定冠词the;in a whisper为固定短语,whisper前有不定冠词a,又因其 前有excited修饰,所以第二空前用an,故选C。
5.(2024·成都市高三二模)Many people have come to realize that they should go on ________ balanced diet and make ________ room in their day for exercise.
A.a; 不填
B.the; a
C.the; the
D.不填; a
解析:选A 考查冠词。句意:很多人最终意识到他们应该均衡饮食,抽时间进行锻炼。第一空考查短语go on a diet“节食”;第二空考查短语make room for“为……腾地方;为……让步”。
6.(2024·唐山一中高三二模)The party was ________ success. We sang and danced until it came to ________ end at midnight.
A.a; an
B.a; the
C.the; an
D.不填; an
解析:选A 考查冠词。句意:晚会非常成功,我们又唱又跳,直到半夜才结束。第一空a success表示“一件成功的事”;第二空考查短语come to an end“结束”。
语境暗示法
在解答冠词类试题时,要注意三大原则:一是判断表示泛指还是特指;二是判断空格后的名词是可数名词还是不可数名词;三是判断空格后的名词是抽象名词还是具体名词。
1.(2024·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)India attained ________ independence in 1947, after ________ long struggle.
A.不填; a B.the; a
C.an; 不填
D.an; the
解析:选A 考查冠词。independence为抽象名词,因此其前不用冠词;struggle前由long来修饰此处表示具体的事物,其前应用冠词a。故选A。
2.(2024·重庆高考)The parents were shocked by ________ news that their son needed ________ operation on his knee.
A.a; /
B.the; /
C.the; an
D.a; an
解析:选C 考查冠词。“________ news”特指他们的儿子需要手术的消息,故第一空应用定冠词the;operation是单数可数名词,此处表示“一个手术”,故第二空应用不定冠词an。故选C。
3.(2024·山东高考)It was ________ cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across ________ night sky.
A.不填; a
B.a; the
C.the; a
D.the; 不填
解析:选B 考查冠词。根据语意可知,第一空泛指“一个寒冷的冬夜”,所以用不定冠词;第二空特指“那天晚上的天空”,所以用定冠词the。
一、不定冠词a/an的用法
1.单数可数名词前用不定冠词a/an表示泛指。
The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve people's wellbeing and a dream of harmony, peace and development.(2024·福建高考)
“中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦,是一个和谐、和平发展的梦。
2.在某些抽象名词前加不定冠词可使抽象名词具体化。
Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times. (2024·山东高考)
在困难时期能够买得起一杯饮料是一个莫大的安慰。
3.不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序,而表示“再一,又一”。
He missed the gold in the high jump, but will get a second chance in the long jump.(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)
他没得到跳高的金牌,但在跳远项目上还有一次机会。
4.a/an相当于every,表示“每一”。
—It's said John will be in a job paying over D|S60,000 a year.
—Right, he will also get paid by the week.(2011·江西高考)
——据说约翰将获得一个年薪超过六万美元的工作。
——是的,他的工资将按周支付。
[点津] 高中常见的纯不可数名词有:baggage, luggage, furniture, health, weather, fun, space (太空),advice, word (=news), progress, information, news, luck, wealth (财产)等。以上不可数名词永远不能与不定冠词连用。
Beyond the stars, the astronaut saw nothing but space.
除了星星,宇航员只能看见太空。
二、定冠词the的用法
1.用在名词前表示特指。
We are said to be living in the Information Age, a time of new discoveries and great changes.(2024·四川高考)
据说我们正生活在信息时代,一个充满了新发现和巨大变革的时代。
2.用在世界上独一无二的人或物、自然现象、发明物之前;或序数词和形容词最高级之前。
Marco Polo is said to have sailed on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in the thirteenth century.(2024·陕西高考)
据说在十三世纪马可·波罗去爪哇岛途中曾航行经过太平洋。
[点津] 有些物体也是独一无二,但习惯上却不用冠词。
Animals are obviously the lower form of life than man.(2024·江西高考)
动物显然是一种比人类低级的生命形式。
3.用在序数词和最高级前。
As is known to all, the People's Republic of China is the biggest developing country in the world.(2011·陕西高考)
众所周知,中华人民共和国是世界上最大的发展中国家。
4.用在表示计量的名词前如by the hour,by the dozen等,但若名词为抽象名词则不加冠词如by weight,by height等。例如2011年江西卷的by the week。
三、零冠词的用法
1.在不可数名词或可数名词复数前表示泛指不用冠词。
①Carl is studying food science at college and hopes to open up a meat processing factory of his own one day.(2024·安徽高考)
卡尔正在大学里学食品科学,他希望将来有一天开一家自己的肉食品加工厂。
②The Smiths don't usually like staying at hotels, but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by sea.(2024·安徽高考)
史密斯一家通常不喜欢住旅馆,但去年夏天他们在海边一家不错的旅馆住了几天。
2.称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作宾语或同位语时,不加冠词。
Dr.Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, a fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.(2011·四川高考)
这所学校的校长Peter Spence博士告诉我们:“五分之一的学生将继续到牛津或剑桥大学深造”。
固定搭配法
固定搭配中冠词的考查是一大难点,平常的积累非常重要,因此要多留意一些短语中冠词的使用。
1.(2024·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)Four and ________ half hours of discussion took us up to midnight, and ________ break for cheese, chocolate and tea with sugar.
A.a; a
B.the; the
C.不填; the
D.a; 不填
解析:选A 考查冠词。句意:四个半小时的讨论一直持续到半夜,在中间休息时我们吃了奶酪、巧克力以及喝了点加糖的茶。“四个半小时”可以表示为four and a half hours或four hours and a half。break意为“休息”,是可数名词,这里表示泛指,其前应用不定冠词。故选A。
2.(2024·浙江高考)People develop ________ preference for a particular style of learning at ________ early age and these preferences affect learning.
A.a; an B.a; 不填
C.不填; the
D.the; an
解析:选A 考查冠词。a preference表示“一种偏好”,develop a preference for“养成对……的偏爱”,故第一空用不定冠词a;at an early age是固定词组,意为“在很小的时候”,故选A项。
一、与不定冠词连用的常考习语
have a gift for 有……的天赋
get a lift/ride
搭便车
as a rule
通常,照例
in a hurry 匆忙地
once in a while 偶尔
a waste of
……的浪费
have a population of
有……人口
have a history of
有……的历史
have an area of
有……的面积
a knowledge of 知道
go on a diet
节食
in a sense
在某种意义上
at a loss
困惑,不知所措
all of a sudden
突然
a matter of
……的问题
二、与定冠词连用的常考习语
in the end
最后,终于
on the whole
总之
for the time being
暂时
on the radio/phone
通过无线电广播/电话
on the spot 在场,到场,立即,马上,当场
to tell (you) the truth
说实话,老实说
not in the least (=not at all)
一点也不
make the most/best of
充分利用
in the way
挡路
on the right/left
在右/左面
三、用零冠词的常考习语
ahead of time
提前
under repair
在修理之中
by mistake
错误地
by law
根据法律
on board
在船(或火车等)上
at war
在交战
in debt
负债
by air/land/water
乘飞机/走陆路/走水路
out of work/order/control/date/patience/reach/breath/danger/season
失业/不按次序/失控/过时/失去耐心/够不着/上气不接下气/脱离危险/不合时令或不在旺季
in use/danger/public
正被使用/处于危险之中/公开地,当众
come/rank first
名列第一
catch fire
起火
come to light
暴露,真相大白
come to power (=take office)
上任,掌权
make room for
为……腾出空间
1.(2024·西安市西北工大模拟)—Have you listened to ________ weather forecast, Linda?
—Yes. It says that there will be ________ heavy rain this weekend.
A.the; the
B.a; the
C.the; a
D.a; a
解析:选C 考查冠词。句意:“琳达,你听了天气预报了吗?”“是的,预报说本周末会有一场大雨。”第一空表示特指,用定冠词the;第二空a heavy rain表示“一场大雨”。
2.(2024·烟台市一模)—Have you seen ________Audi car? I parked it here this morning.
—Is it ________ white one? A young woman drove it away just now.
A.不填; the
B.an; a
C.an; 不填
D.a; the
解析:选B 考查冠词。句意:“你见过一辆奥迪车吗?我今天上午停在这里的。”“是一辆白色的吗?刚才一位年轻女士开走了。”第一空表泛指,用不定冠词an;第二空也表泛指,用不定冠词a。
3. (2024·西安市高三二模)In order to find ________ better job, he decided to study ________ second foreign language.
A.the; a
B.a; a
C.the; the
D.a; the
解析:选B 考查冠词。句意:为了找到更好的工作,他决定再学一门外语。第一空表示泛指;第二空中不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序,而表示“再一,又一”。
4.(2024·长春市高三二模)He told me ________ news that he got a new job in ________ excited whisper.
A.不填; an
B.a; 不填
C.the; an
D.a; the
解析:选C 考查冠词。news是不可数名词,且其后有定语从句限定,第一空应加表示特指的定冠词the;in a whisper为固定短语,whisper前有不定冠词a,又因其 前有excited修饰,所以第二空前用an,故选C。
5.(2024·成都市高三二模)Many people have come to realize that they should go on ________ balanced diet and make ________ room in their day for exercise.
A.a; 不填
B.the; a
C.the; the
D.不填; a
解析:选A 考查冠词。句意:很多人最终意识到他们应该均衡饮食,抽时间进行锻炼。第一空考查短语go on a diet“节食”;第二空考查短语make room for“为……腾地方;为……让步”。
6.(2024·唐山一中高三二模)The party was ________ success. We sang and danced until it came to ________ end at midnight.
A.a; an
B.a; the
C.the; an
D.不填; an
解析:选A 考查冠词。句意:晚会非常成功,我们又唱又跳,直到半夜才结束。第一空a success表示“一件成功的事”;第二空考查短语come to an end“结束”。