2024届高考英语(课标全国)一轮复习课件:语法突破 第6讲
要点 典句示例 动词不定式 宾 语
不定式作宾语时,往往跟在某些及物动词后面。常见的有:afford,agree,ask,decide,desire,pretend,plan,intend,refuse,wish等 The boy pretended to have fallen asleep. They refused to take him back. 不定式在介词but,except,besides后面时,如果介词之前有动词do的某种形式,则后接不带to的不定式,否则带to。此外,cannot choose but和cannot help but,cannot but等后面的不定式也省略to We could do nothing but wait. We have no choice but to wait. We can’t choose but wait. 要点 典句示例 动词不定式 宾 语
不定式作动词的宾语,其后跟补足语时,常用it作形式宾语,而把不定式后置 I make it a rule to do tai chi every morning. tell,show,understand,know,explain,teach,advise,discuss等动词可跟“疑问词+不定式”作宾语。“疑问词+不定式”也可作主语、表语,相当于名词性从句 He showed us how to do the work. What to do hasn’t been decided. 要点 典句示例 动词不定式 定 语 不定式作定语时,须放在被修饰的名词或代词后面作后置定语,不定式和所修饰的词之间有动宾关系,如果不定式是不及物动词,后面就要有相应的介词 I have a meeting to attend. He has a nice pen to write with. 不定式可用在名词、代词、序数词(the first,the last等)、the only和形容词最高级等后面作后置定语,不定式与被修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系 She is always the first to come to school. 说明所修饰的名词的内容,与该词存在同位关系。常用于chance,opportunity,time,money,decision,refusal,wish,right等词后 I must keep the promise to pay within a month. 动词不定式 宾语补足语
不定式常用在下列动词后作宾补,如:advise,allow,permit,ask,beg,request,enable,cause,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,teach,tell,command,order,urge,instruct,cause,invite,want,wish,persuade,recommend,warn,oblige等 It’s hard to persuade Dad to give up smoking. 动词不定式作动词feel,hear,listen to,see,watch,notice,observe等感官动词以及have,let,make等使役动词后面的宾语补足语时,不定式符号to要省略。但如果这些句子变成被动结构时,必须带to I heard my neighbour lock the door. I will have all my friends come over this weekend. My neighbour was heard to lock the door. 不词不定式 状 语 动词不定式作状语时,表示目的、结果、原因等 She did all she could to save him.(目的状语) They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.(结果状语) My grandmother lived
to see the liberation of China.(结果状语) 目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示,但so as to不能置于句首,only to do,so...as to do和such...as to do中的不定式均作结果状语 In order to pass the exam,he worked hard. He was so angry as to be unable to speak. 特别提醒: 1.不定式的否定形式的构成: 动词不定式的否定形式是在不定式的符号“to”前直接加上not,有时为了强调也可以用否定词never来否定。 It’s wrong of you not to go to school on time. 2.动词不定式的复合结构。 “for+名词(代词)+不定式”可构成复合结构,它在句中可用作:主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。 For a child to do that job is just inconceivable.让一个孩子做这项工作那真是不可思议。 kind,silly,bad,honest,stupid,clever等表示人物特性的形容词后接这种结构时,不用介词for,而用of。例如:It’s very kind of you to do so. 3.不定式to后的内容省略。 有时为了避免重复,可以用to来代替,这种情况常出现在expect,hope,wish,mean,prefer,care,forget,want,try之后;或出现在be glad/happy,would like/love等后面。如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be,have,have been,则这些词要保留。 I haven’t been to Hong Kong,but I wish to. Susan is not what she used to be. 4.当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。试比较: Have you got anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”) Have you got anything to be sent?你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式to be sent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”) 5.不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式。 Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon with?(A knife cuts the watermelon.) 6.在there be结构中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式;如果说话人强调的事情本身必须被完成,则用被动形式。 There is a lot of work to do.(Someone has to do the work.) There is a lot of work to be done.(The work has to be done.) 7.在“be+性质形容词+不定式”结构中,不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。常见的形容词有:easy,hard,difficult,interesting,heavy,pleasant,good,fit,comfortable,safe,dangerous,impossible等。 This book is difficult to understand.这本书很难读懂。 This kind of fish is nice to eat.这种鱼很好吃。 Ⅱ.动词ing形式 一、动词ing形式的时态和语态
形式 主动语态 被动语态 意义 典句示例 一般式 doing being done 表示动作和谓语动词动作同时发生 I approved of his taking part in the project. 完成式 having done
having been done 表示动作发生在谓语动词动作之前 Having finished the lessons,all the students went back home. 二、动词ing形式的句法功能 成分 主要用法 典句示例 主语 常用于以下句型:It is+no use/good+doing sth. It was no use sending him to a hospital. 表语 说明主语的特征及具体内容,一般表示比较抽象的习惯性动作 His job is building houses. 宾语 只能跟动词ing(动名词)作宾语的动词或动词短语:admit,appreciate,avoid,consider(考虑),delay,dislike,enjoy,fancy,escape,excuse,finish,forgive,imagine,mind,miss(错过),practise,risk,suggest,be /get used to,can’t help,can’t stand(无法忍受),give up,feel like,keep on,insist on,look forward to,put off,devote...to,stick to,object to,get down to,spend time doing sth.,have difficulty(in)doing sth.等 We must practise speaking English every morning. I never enjoy making friends with such a proud girl. You must not give up studying. 成分 主要用法 典句示例 同位语 补充说明前面名词(代词)的内容 His job,building a house,is almost done. 定语 相当于一个定语从句,强调经常性状态或动作的进行。单个词要前置,短语要后置 The boy lying on the ground (=The boy who
was lying on the ground)was a student. He was an inspiring leader. 宾语补 足语 宾语与动词ing形式有主谓关系 2.动词ing形式所表示的动作正在进行或反复重复及持续 I saw the horse running there. 成分 主要用法 典句示例 状语 一般式(doing)与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,与句中谓语动作同时发生或在其后发生 2.完成式(having done)与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,先于谓语动作发生 3.可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况 Having cleaned the rooms,we began to weed the garden.(时间) Being ill,he couldn’t go to school.(原因) Working diligently,you will certainly succeed.(条件) My car was caught in a traffic jam,thus causing the delay.(结果) Traveling by train,we visited a number of cities.(方式) Mary sat by the window of the classroom,reading a book.(伴随) 特别提醒: 1.动词ing形式的否定形式是在其前加not。一般式:not doing 完成式:not having done。 2.动词ing形式的复合结构,名词所有格或物主代词后加动词ing(动名词),即构成动词ing形式(动名词)的复合结构,即:sb’s/his/your/my doing sth.这种复合结构在句中多用作主语或宾语。 Sophia’s having seen them did not surprise us.索菲亚看见了他们,并不使我们感到惊讶。(作主语) Excuse my interrupting you.请原谅我打断你的话。(作宾语) 3.动词ing形式的复合结构充当主语时,只能用sb.’s doing sth.;而充当宾语时,sb.’s/sb.doing sth.两者都能使用。 All of us understood Mike’s/Mike/him/his not being admitted to Shandong University. Xiao Wang’s coming late made his teacher very angry. 4.动词ing形式的一些常见结构: (1)generally/frankly/personally speaking,judging from/by,considering,speaking of等没有形式的变化,即不需要考虑逻辑主语。 (2)It’s no use/no good doing sth.做……是没有用的。 (3)There is no point in doing sth.做某事无意义。 (4)There is no possibility of doing sth.不可能做某事。 Ⅲ.动词ed形式 成分 主要用法 典句示例 表语 动词ed形式(过去分词)作表语一般用来表示感受或状态(连系动词+动词ed形式/过去分词) The window was broken. 定语 相当于一个定语从句,表示被动或完成,单个分词前置,分词短语作定语时后置 He is an experienced teacher. The book published in March sells well. 成分 主要用法 典句示例 宾语补足语 及物动词的ed形式作宾补,与宾语有逻辑上的被动关系,且表完成。不及物动词的ed形式作宾补表状态、情况。下列动词常带宾补: 1.表示感觉和心理状况的动词:think,hear,feel,see,watch,find等 2.使役动词:have,get,let,make,leave等 3.表示希望和要求等的动词:wish,want,like,order等 I saw the horse tied to a tree. He found the cup broken. I have never heard this song sung in English. He made it known to everyone that he was right. 成分 主要用法 典句示例 状语 动词ed形式的一般式(done)同动词的ing形式的完成被动式(having been done)均与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且先于谓语动作发生。 动词ed形式(过去分词)和动词的ing形式作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,且和句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系,否则不能使用它们作状语。但独立成分如:generally speaking,judging from,considering除外。 动词的ed形式作状语时可表示时间、原因、让步、条件、伴随等。 Given(=Having been given)a wrong number,I couldn’t contact him over phone.(原因) Being blind,how could they see an elephant?(原因) Given a chance,we can surprise the world.(条件) When asked about his family,he made no answer.(时间) Seriously injured,he had to be taken to hospital.(原因) Though warned of the danger,he still skated on the thin ice.(让步) Given more time,I can do it better.(条件) The professor came into the classroom,followed by some students.(伴随) 特别提醒: 1.不及物动词的ed形式一般只表示“完成”,没有被动意义 例如:developed areas=areas that have developed 2.及物动词的ed形式既可表示被动又可表示完成 Seen from the top of the building,the park is more beautiful. Bitten by a dog,she is afraid to go out at night. Ⅳ.独立主格结构 独立主格结构,就是分词或不定式有其自己的独立主语,可以不与主句的主语保持一致。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语,所以在语法上不是句子。此结构在句子中起原因、方式、时间、条件、伴随情况状语从句的作用。独立主格结构应与句子的主体部分分隔开来。其功能和用法见下表: 表现形式 意义 典句示例 名词/ 代词+ 动词ing形式(现在分词)
动词ing形式(现在 分词)表主动或正在进行,动词ed形式(过去分词)表被动或已经完成 Weather permitting,we’ll go out for a walk. Homework finished,the boy went out to play. 不定式 表将来,计划安排要做的事 The exam to be held tomorrow,I can’t go to the cinema tonight. 形容词/副词 表示名词或代词所处的状态 Our lessons(being)over,we went to play football. 介词短语 表位置 The girl is walking in the field,packet on back. 名词 表状态或情况 His book a best seller,he is very happy. 表现形式 意义 典句示例 with+ 名词/ 代词+ 现在分词 表主动或进行 They pretended to be working all night with their lights burning. 过去分词 表被动或完成 She had to walk home with her bike stolen. 不定式 表将来 I can’t go out to play with so much homework to do.(主动表被动) 形容词 表状态 He used to sleep with windows open. 副词 表状态 He went up to sleep with lights on. 介词短语 表位置 The children came running toward us,with flowers in their hands. 特别提醒: 1.with结构不是句子,它在句中作状语或定语 2.with结构中一定不用谓语动词形式 3.with结构中的副词是指那些无形容词形式的副词,如:on,down,in,out,up,away等 4.表示否定意义时,可用without 5.将with复合结构中的介词with去掉,则成为独立主格结构,该结构只能作状语,不能作定语 6.如果主句的主语是with后不定式动作的发出者时,不定式用主动形式表示被动意义 Ⅴ.非谓语动词辨析 功 能 动词ing 动词ed 动词不定式 主语 动词ing形式多表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念,强调的是事情本身。 Collecting stamps can enlarge one’s knowledge. 集邮可以扩大一个人的知识面。 不定式则表示具体的某一次行为或将来的动作,强调的是动作本身,不过有时二者之间的区别很小。 To teach the three children is my job this afternoon. 功 能 动词ing 动词ed 动词不定式 宾语 常接动词ing(动名词)作宾语的动词(短语):advise(建议),admit(承认),appreciate(感激),avoid(避免),can’t help(禁不住),consider(考虑),delay(推迟),enjoy(欣赏),escape(逃脱),finish(完成),imagine(想象),keep(on)(继续),mind(介意),practice(练习),suggest(建议),miss(错过),feel like(意欲),devote...to(把……献给),get used to(习惯于),look forward to(期望),object to(反对),set about(开始),put off(推迟)等。 The doctor advised taking more exercise. 医生建议多锻炼。 I suggested doing it in a different way. 我建议用不同的方法做这件事。 可用动名词,也可用不定式作宾语,但意义区别明显的动词如下:
可用动名词,也可用不定式作宾语,但意义区别不大的动词如下: afford(负担得起),agree(同意),decide(决定),determine(决定),expect(期望),hope(希望),manage(设法),refuse(拒绝),want(想),wish(希望),offer(提供),pretend(假装),promise(许诺),choose(选择),fail(失败),long(渴望)等。 begin(开始),continue(继续),like(喜欢),love(喜爱),prefer(宁愿),start(开始),hate(讨厌)等。下列动词(短语)后接动名词或不定式时,意义差别较大。
功 能 动词ing 动词ed 表语 动词的ing形式作表语时,表示主语的内容和具有的特征。 His hobby is collecting stamps. The problem is quite puzzling. 动词ed形式在连系动词后作表语,主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态,含有被动的意思。 All the doors are locked. (ed形式作表语,表示状态) The cup is broken. 定语 falling leaves正在下落的树叶,developing countries发展中国家 She went on board the train leaving for Shanghai.=She went on board the train,which was leaving for Shanghai. There are two roads before us:one leading to the beach,the other to the park. =There are two roads before us:one which leads to the beach,the other to the park. 动词ed(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系,表示该动作的被动或完成。 fallen leaves落叶,developed countries 发达的国家 The developed countries also need help from any other country in the world. “Things lost never come again!”I couldn’t help talking to myself. 功能 动词ing 动词ed 动词不定式 宾补 动词的ing形式作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行或反复重复及持续。 He saw a girl getting on the car. (She was getting on the car.) 动词ed形式作宾语补足语表被动和完成。 Yesterday I noticed a little girl caught stealing in the shop.(表被动) 不定式作宾语补足语表示动作发生了,即动作的全过程结束了。 He saw a girl get on the car and drive off. (She got on the car and drove off.) 状语 动词ing表主动或进行,可作时间、原因、条件、结果、方式、伴随、让步等状语。 Seeing from the top of
the hill,we find the park even more beautiful. (see与主语we之间存在主动关系) 动词ed表被动或完成,同动词ing一样可作多种状语。 Seen from the top of the hill,the park looks even more beautiful.(see与主语the park之间存在动宾关系) 不定式作状语一般常作目的、结果和原因状语。 不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别:不定式作结果状语往往表示意想不到的或不愿看到的结果,而现在分词作结果状语则表示自然而然的结果。 His parents died,leaving him an orphan. He hurried to the booking office only to be told all the tickets ha d been sold out. (“only+to do”表示出乎意料的结果,tell和主语he之间存在动宾关系,因而应用不定式的被动结构) 特别提醒:高考频繁考查的能接非谓语动词作宾补的动词 1.感官动词see,watch,observe,look at,hear,listen to,notice等词的宾语补足语有四种形式,以see为例: (1)see+宾语+do看见……做……了 (2)see+宾语+doing看见……正在做 (3)see+宾语+being done看见……正在被做 (4)see+宾语+done看见……被做 I heard her sing an English song just now.刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。(主动,完成) I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天经过她房间时,我听见她在唱英文歌。(主动,正在进行) I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天经过她房间时,我听见一个小女孩正在唱英文歌。(被动,正在进行) I’d like to see the plan carried out.我想看到这个计划被执行。(被动,没有一定的时间性) 注意:不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成或状态。如: I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone.我低头看了一眼我的脖子,发现我的项链不见了。(不及物动词,状态) I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.发现我的家乡变化如此之大我感到很吃惊。(不及物动词,完成) 2.使役动词let后加复合宾语时,有两种情况: (1)let+宾语+do让……做…… (2)let+宾语+be done让……被做 Don’t let your child play with matches.别让你的孩子玩火柴。 My father’s just had his operation and the doctor won’t let me see him yet.我父亲刚动过手术,医生还不允许我去看他。 Let the work be done immediately.工作要马上去做。 3.leave后接非谓语动词作宾语补足语时,意为“使……处于某种状态”。
如: It’s wrong of you to leave the machine running.你让机器一直开着是不对的。(主动,正在进行) The guests left most of the dishes untouched,because they didn’t taste delicious.大部分的菜客人们没有动,因为它们不可口。(被动,完成) He left,leaving me to do all the rest work.他走了,留下我一个人去做剩余的所有工作。(主动,将来) We hurriedly ended our meeting,leaving many problems to be settled.我们匆匆忙忙地结束了会议,留下了很多问题等待解决。(被动,将来) 4.have,get后可以接动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词三种形式作宾语补足语,have,get表示“使、让、叫”之意。 (1)have sth.done=get sth.done使/让某事由别人去做(叫/让某人做某事)。如: I’ll have/get my bike repaired tomorrow.我明天得(请人)修一下我的自行车。 此外,have sth.done还表示“使……遭受……”之意。如: Tom had his leg broken while playing football.汤姆踢足球时,摔断了腿。 Mr.Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.史密斯先生在度假期间,他家被盗了。 (2)
如: The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.休息了片刻之后,上尉让士兵们开始朝前线进发。 注意:have sb.doing若用于否定句中,其中have有“容忍”之意。如: I won’t have you speaking to your dad like that.我不允许你和你父亲那样讲话。
如:Mother had me go/got me to go to the shop and buy some salt.妈妈让我去商店买些食盐。
谢谢观看! 第六讲
非谓语动词 非谓语动词是历年高考考查的重点,试题多从基本结构和基本用法入手,结合具体的语境进行考查。以后高考还将继续对该项内容进行考查,而且试题将继续呈现“情景化”和“设问角度多样化”的特点。考查的角度将继续以非谓语动词作定语、宾语、状语、补足语等为重点。 Ⅰ.动词不定式 一、动词不定式的时态和语态
及物与不及物
语态
时态 类别 及物动词 不及物动词 主动语态 被动语态 主动语态 动词不定式 一般式(与谓语动作同时发生或在其后发生) to make to be made to go 进行式(在谓语动作发生时正在进行) to be making to be going 及物与不及物
语态
时态 类别 及物动词 不及物动词 主动语态 被动语态 主动语态 动词不定式 完成式(发生在谓语动作之前) to have made to have been made to have gone 完成进行式(发生在谓语动作之前并且一直持续到谓语动作发生时,仍在进行) to have been making to have been going 二、动词不定式的句法功能 要点 典句示例 动词不定式 主语 常用it作形式主语, 谓语动词用单数 It is necessary for us to learn
a second language. It’s very hard to learn an art. 表语 表示主语的“职业,职责和性质”等 My goal is to be a scientist. Her work is to clean the room every day.
(3)使/让/叫某人做某事
要点 典句示例 动词不定式 宾 语
不定式作宾语时,往往跟在某些及物动词后面。常见的有:afford,agree,ask,decide,desire,pretend,plan,intend,refuse,wish等 The boy pretended to have fallen asleep. They refused to take him back. 不定式在介词but,except,besides后面时,如果介词之前有动词do的某种形式,则后接不带to的不定式,否则带to。此外,cannot choose but和cannot help but,cannot but等后面的不定式也省略to We could do nothing but wait. We have no choice but to wait. We can’t choose but wait. 要点 典句示例 动词不定式 宾 语
不定式作动词的宾语,其后跟补足语时,常用it作形式宾语,而把不定式后置 I make it a rule to do tai chi every morning. tell,show,understand,know,explain,teach,advise,discuss等动词可跟“疑问词+不定式”作宾语。“疑问词+不定式”也可作主语、表语,相当于名词性从句 He showed us how to do the work. What to do hasn’t been decided. 要点 典句示例 动词不定式 定 语 不定式作定语时,须放在被修饰的名词或代词后面作后置定语,不定式和所修饰的词之间有动宾关系,如果不定式是不及物动词,后面就要有相应的介词 I have a meeting to attend. He has a nice pen to write with. 不定式可用在名词、代词、序数词(the first,the last等)、the only和形容词最高级等后面作后置定语,不定式与被修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系 She is always the first to come to school. 说明所修饰的名词的内容,与该词存在同位关系。常用于chance,opportunity,time,money,decision,refusal,wish,right等词后 I must keep the promise to pay within a month. 动词不定式 宾语补足语
不定式常用在下列动词后作宾补,如:advise,allow,permit,ask,beg,request,enable,cause,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,teach,tell,command,order,urge,instruct,cause,invite,want,wish,persuade,recommend,warn,oblige等 It’s hard to persuade Dad to give up smoking. 动词不定式作动词feel,hear,listen to,see,watch,notice,observe等感官动词以及have,let,make等使役动词后面的宾语补足语时,不定式符号to要省略。但如果这些句子变成被动结构时,必须带to I heard my neighbour lock the door. I will have all my friends come over this weekend. My neighbour was heard to lock the door. 不词不定式 状 语 动词不定式作状语时,表示目的、结果、原因等 She did all she could to save him.(目的状语) They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.(结果状语) My grandmother lived
to see the liberation of China.(结果状语) 目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示,但so as to不能置于句首,only to do,so...as to do和such...as to do中的不定式均作结果状语 In order to pass the exam,he worked hard. He was so angry as to be unable to speak. 特别提醒: 1.不定式的否定形式的构成: 动词不定式的否定形式是在不定式的符号“to”前直接加上not,有时为了强调也可以用否定词never来否定。 It’s wrong of you not to go to school on time. 2.动词不定式的复合结构。 “for+名词(代词)+不定式”可构成复合结构,它在句中可用作:主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。 For a child to do that job is just inconceivable.让一个孩子做这项工作那真是不可思议。 kind,silly,bad,honest,stupid,clever等表示人物特性的形容词后接这种结构时,不用介词for,而用of。例如:It’s very kind of you to do so. 3.不定式to后的内容省略。 有时为了避免重复,可以用to来代替,这种情况常出现在expect,hope,wish,mean,prefer,care,forget,want,try之后;或出现在be glad/happy,would like/love等后面。如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be,have,have been,则这些词要保留。 I haven’t been to Hong Kong,but I wish to. Susan is not what she used to be. 4.当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。试比较: Have you got anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”) Have you got anything to be sent?你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式to be sent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”) 5.不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式。 Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon with?(A knife cuts the watermelon.) 6.在there be结构中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式;如果说话人强调的事情本身必须被完成,则用被动形式。 There is a lot of work to do.(Someone has to do the work.) There is a lot of work to be done.(The work has to be done.) 7.在“be+性质形容词+不定式”结构中,不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。常见的形容词有:easy,hard,difficult,interesting,heavy,pleasant,good,fit,comfortable,safe,dangerous,impossible等。 This book is difficult to understand.这本书很难读懂。 This kind of fish is nice to eat.这种鱼很好吃。 Ⅱ.动词ing形式 一、动词ing形式的时态和语态
形式 主动语态 被动语态 意义 典句示例 一般式 doing being done 表示动作和谓语动词动作同时发生 I approved of his taking part in the project. 完成式 having done
having been done 表示动作发生在谓语动词动作之前 Having finished the lessons,all the students went back home. 二、动词ing形式的句法功能 成分 主要用法 典句示例 主语 常用于以下句型:It is+no use/good+doing sth. It was no use sending him to a hospital. 表语 说明主语的特征及具体内容,一般表示比较抽象的习惯性动作 His job is building houses. 宾语 只能跟动词ing(动名词)作宾语的动词或动词短语:admit,appreciate,avoid,consider(考虑),delay,dislike,enjoy,fancy,escape,excuse,finish,forgive,imagine,mind,miss(错过),practise,risk,suggest,be /get used to,can’t help,can’t stand(无法忍受),give up,feel like,keep on,insist on,look forward to,put off,devote...to,stick to,object to,get down to,spend time doing sth.,have difficulty(in)doing sth.等 We must practise speaking English every morning. I never enjoy making friends with such a proud girl. You must not give up studying. 成分 主要用法 典句示例 同位语 补充说明前面名词(代词)的内容 His job,building a house,is almost done. 定语 相当于一个定语从句,强调经常性状态或动作的进行。单个词要前置,短语要后置 The boy lying on the ground (=The boy who
was lying on the ground)was a student. He was an inspiring leader. 宾语补 足语 宾语与动词ing形式有主谓关系 2.动词ing形式所表示的动作正在进行或反复重复及持续 I saw the horse running there. 成分 主要用法 典句示例 状语 一般式(doing)与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,与句中谓语动作同时发生或在其后发生 2.完成式(having done)与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,先于谓语动作发生 3.可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况 Having cleaned the rooms,we began to weed the garden.(时间) Being ill,he couldn’t go to school.(原因) Working diligently,you will certainly succeed.(条件) My car was caught in a traffic jam,thus causing the delay.(结果) Traveling by train,we visited a number of cities.(方式) Mary sat by the window of the classroom,reading a book.(伴随) 特别提醒: 1.动词ing形式的否定形式是在其前加not。一般式:not doing 完成式:not having done。 2.动词ing形式的复合结构,名词所有格或物主代词后加动词ing(动名词),即构成动词ing形式(动名词)的复合结构,即:sb’s/his/your/my doing sth.这种复合结构在句中多用作主语或宾语。 Sophia’s having seen them did not surprise us.索菲亚看见了他们,并不使我们感到惊讶。(作主语) Excuse my interrupting you.请原谅我打断你的话。(作宾语) 3.动词ing形式的复合结构充当主语时,只能用sb.’s doing sth.;而充当宾语时,sb.’s/sb.doing sth.两者都能使用。 All of us understood Mike’s/Mike/him/his not being admitted to Shandong University. Xiao Wang’s coming late made his teacher very angry. 4.动词ing形式的一些常见结构: (1)generally/frankly/personally speaking,judging from/by,considering,speaking of等没有形式的变化,即不需要考虑逻辑主语。 (2)It’s no use/no good doing sth.做……是没有用的。 (3)There is no point in doing sth.做某事无意义。 (4)There is no possibility of doing sth.不可能做某事。 Ⅲ.动词ed形式 成分 主要用法 典句示例 表语 动词ed形式(过去分词)作表语一般用来表示感受或状态(连系动词+动词ed形式/过去分词) The window was broken. 定语 相当于一个定语从句,表示被动或完成,单个分词前置,分词短语作定语时后置 He is an experienced teacher. The book published in March sells well. 成分 主要用法 典句示例 宾语补足语 及物动词的ed形式作宾补,与宾语有逻辑上的被动关系,且表完成。不及物动词的ed形式作宾补表状态、情况。下列动词常带宾补: 1.表示感觉和心理状况的动词:think,hear,feel,see,watch,find等 2.使役动词:have,get,let,make,leave等 3.表示希望和要求等的动词:wish,want,like,order等 I saw the horse tied to a tree. He found the cup broken. I have never heard this song sung in English. He made it known to everyone that he was right. 成分 主要用法 典句示例 状语 动词ed形式的一般式(done)同动词的ing形式的完成被动式(having been done)均与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且先于谓语动作发生。 动词ed形式(过去分词)和动词的ing形式作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,且和句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系,否则不能使用它们作状语。但独立成分如:generally speaking,judging from,considering除外。 动词的ed形式作状语时可表示时间、原因、让步、条件、伴随等。 Given(=Having been given)a wrong number,I couldn’t contact him over phone.(原因) Being blind,how could they see an elephant?(原因) Given a chance,we can surprise the world.(条件) When asked about his family,he made no answer.(时间) Seriously injured,he had to be taken to hospital.(原因) Though warned of the danger,he still skated on the thin ice.(让步) Given more time,I can do it better.(条件) The professor came into the classroom,followed by some students.(伴随) 特别提醒: 1.不及物动词的ed形式一般只表示“完成”,没有被动意义 例如:developed areas=areas that have developed 2.及物动词的ed形式既可表示被动又可表示完成 Seen from the top of the building,the park is more beautiful. Bitten by a dog,she is afraid to go out at night. Ⅳ.独立主格结构 独立主格结构,就是分词或不定式有其自己的独立主语,可以不与主句的主语保持一致。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语,所以在语法上不是句子。此结构在句子中起原因、方式、时间、条件、伴随情况状语从句的作用。独立主格结构应与句子的主体部分分隔开来。其功能和用法见下表: 表现形式 意义 典句示例 名词/ 代词+ 动词ing形式(现在分词)
动词ing形式(现在 分词)表主动或正在进行,动词ed形式(过去分词)表被动或已经完成 Weather permitting,we’ll go out for a walk. Homework finished,the boy went out to play. 不定式 表将来,计划安排要做的事 The exam to be held tomorrow,I can’t go to the cinema tonight. 形容词/副词 表示名词或代词所处的状态 Our lessons(being)over,we went to play football. 介词短语 表位置 The girl is walking in the field,packet on back. 名词 表状态或情况 His book a best seller,he is very happy. 表现形式 意义 典句示例 with+ 名词/ 代词+ 现在分词 表主动或进行 They pretended to be working all night with their lights burning. 过去分词 表被动或完成 She had to walk home with her bike stolen. 不定式 表将来 I can’t go out to play with so much homework to do.(主动表被动) 形容词 表状态 He used to sleep with windows open. 副词 表状态 He went up to sleep with lights on. 介词短语 表位置 The children came running toward us,with flowers in their hands. 特别提醒: 1.with结构不是句子,它在句中作状语或定语 2.with结构中一定不用谓语动词形式 3.with结构中的副词是指那些无形容词形式的副词,如:on,down,in,out,up,away等 4.表示否定意义时,可用without 5.将with复合结构中的介词with去掉,则成为独立主格结构,该结构只能作状语,不能作定语 6.如果主句的主语是with后不定式动作的发出者时,不定式用主动形式表示被动意义 Ⅴ.非谓语动词辨析 功 能 动词ing 动词ed 动词不定式 主语 动词ing形式多表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念,强调的是事情本身。 Collecting stamps can enlarge one’s knowledge. 集邮可以扩大一个人的知识面。 不定式则表示具体的某一次行为或将来的动作,强调的是动作本身,不过有时二者之间的区别很小。 To teach the three children is my job this afternoon. 功 能 动词ing 动词ed 动词不定式 宾语 常接动词ing(动名词)作宾语的动词(短语):advise(建议),admit(承认),appreciate(感激),avoid(避免),can’t help(禁不住),consider(考虑),delay(推迟),enjoy(欣赏),escape(逃脱),finish(完成),imagine(想象),keep(on)(继续),mind(介意),practice(练习),suggest(建议),miss(错过),feel like(意欲),devote...to(把……献给),get used to(习惯于),look forward to(期望),object to(反对),set about(开始),put off(推迟)等。 The doctor advised taking more exercise. 医生建议多锻炼。 I suggested doing it in a different way. 我建议用不同的方法做这件事。 可用动名词,也可用不定式作宾语,但意义区别明显的动词如下:
可用动名词,也可用不定式作宾语,但意义区别不大的动词如下: afford(负担得起),agree(同意),decide(决定),determine(决定),expect(期望),hope(希望),manage(设法),refuse(拒绝),want(想),wish(希望),offer(提供),pretend(假装),promise(许诺),choose(选择),fail(失败),long(渴望)等。 begin(开始),continue(继续),like(喜欢),love(喜爱),prefer(宁愿),start(开始),hate(讨厌)等。下列动词(短语)后接动名词或不定式时,意义差别较大。
功 能 动词ing 动词ed 表语 动词的ing形式作表语时,表示主语的内容和具有的特征。 His hobby is collecting stamps. The problem is quite puzzling. 动词ed形式在连系动词后作表语,主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态,含有被动的意思。 All the doors are locked. (ed形式作表语,表示状态) The cup is broken. 定语 falling leaves正在下落的树叶,developing countries发展中国家 She went on board the train leaving for Shanghai.=She went on board the train,which was leaving for Shanghai. There are two roads before us:one leading to the beach,the other to the park. =There are two roads before us:one which leads to the beach,the other to the park. 动词ed(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系,表示该动作的被动或完成。 fallen leaves落叶,developed countries 发达的国家 The developed countries also need help from any other country in the world. “Things lost never come again!”I couldn’t help talking to myself. 功能 动词ing 动词ed 动词不定式 宾补 动词的ing形式作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行或反复重复及持续。 He saw a girl getting on the car. (She was getting on the car.) 动词ed形式作宾语补足语表被动和完成。 Yesterday I noticed a little girl caught stealing in the shop.(表被动) 不定式作宾语补足语表示动作发生了,即动作的全过程结束了。 He saw a girl get on the car and drive off. (She got on the car and drove off.) 状语 动词ing表主动或进行,可作时间、原因、条件、结果、方式、伴随、让步等状语。 Seeing from the top of
the hill,we find the park even more beautiful. (see与主语we之间存在主动关系) 动词ed表被动或完成,同动词ing一样可作多种状语。 Seen from the top of the hill,the park looks even more beautiful.(see与主语the park之间存在动宾关系) 不定式作状语一般常作目的、结果和原因状语。 不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别:不定式作结果状语往往表示意想不到的或不愿看到的结果,而现在分词作结果状语则表示自然而然的结果。 His parents died,leaving him an orphan. He hurried to the booking office only to be told all the tickets ha d been sold out. (“only+to do”表示出乎意料的结果,tell和主语he之间存在动宾关系,因而应用不定式的被动结构) 特别提醒:高考频繁考查的能接非谓语动词作宾补的动词 1.感官动词see,watch,observe,look at,hear,listen to,notice等词的宾语补足语有四种形式,以see为例: (1)see+宾语+do看见……做……了 (2)see+宾语+doing看见……正在做 (3)see+宾语+being done看见……正在被做 (4)see+宾语+done看见……被做 I heard her sing an English song just now.刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。(主动,完成) I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天经过她房间时,我听见她在唱英文歌。(主动,正在进行) I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天经过她房间时,我听见一个小女孩正在唱英文歌。(被动,正在进行) I’d like to see the plan carried out.我想看到这个计划被执行。(被动,没有一定的时间性) 注意:不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成或状态。如: I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone.我低头看了一眼我的脖子,发现我的项链不见了。(不及物动词,状态) I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.发现我的家乡变化如此之大我感到很吃惊。(不及物动词,完成) 2.使役动词let后加复合宾语时,有两种情况: (1)let+宾语+do让……做…… (2)let+宾语+be done让……被做 Don’t let your child play with matches.别让你的孩子玩火柴。 My father’s just had his operation and the doctor won’t let me see him yet.我父亲刚动过手术,医生还不允许我去看他。 Let the work be done immediately.工作要马上去做。 3.leave后接非谓语动词作宾语补足语时,意为“使……处于某种状态”。
如: It’s wrong of you to leave the machine running.你让机器一直开着是不对的。(主动,正在进行) The guests left most of the dishes untouched,because they didn’t taste delicious.大部分的菜客人们没有动,因为它们不可口。(被动,完成) He left,leaving me to do all the rest work.他走了,留下我一个人去做剩余的所有工作。(主动,将来) We hurriedly ended our meeting,leaving many problems to be settled.我们匆匆忙忙地结束了会议,留下了很多问题等待解决。(被动,将来) 4.have,get后可以接动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词三种形式作宾语补足语,have,get表示“使、让、叫”之意。 (1)have sth.done=get sth.done使/让某事由别人去做(叫/让某人做某事)。如: I’ll have/get my bike repaired tomorrow.我明天得(请人)修一下我的自行车。 此外,have sth.done还表示“使……遭受……”之意。如: Tom had his leg broken while playing football.汤姆踢足球时,摔断了腿。 Mr.Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.史密斯先生在度假期间,他家被盗了。 (2)
如: The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.休息了片刻之后,上尉让士兵们开始朝前线进发。 注意:have sb.doing若用于否定句中,其中have有“容忍”之意。如: I won’t have you speaking to your dad like that.我不允许你和你父亲那样讲话。
如:Mother had me go/got me to go to the shop and buy some salt.妈妈让我去商店买些食盐。
谢谢观看! 第六讲
非谓语动词 非谓语动词是历年高考考查的重点,试题多从基本结构和基本用法入手,结合具体的语境进行考查。以后高考还将继续对该项内容进行考查,而且试题将继续呈现“情景化”和“设问角度多样化”的特点。考查的角度将继续以非谓语动词作定语、宾语、状语、补足语等为重点。 Ⅰ.动词不定式 一、动词不定式的时态和语态
及物与不及物
语态
时态 类别 及物动词 不及物动词 主动语态 被动语态 主动语态 动词不定式 一般式(与谓语动作同时发生或在其后发生) to make to be made to go 进行式(在谓语动作发生时正在进行) to be making to be going 及物与不及物
语态
时态 类别 及物动词 不及物动词 主动语态 被动语态 主动语态 动词不定式 完成式(发生在谓语动作之前) to have made to have been made to have gone 完成进行式(发生在谓语动作之前并且一直持续到谓语动作发生时,仍在进行) to have been making to have been going 二、动词不定式的句法功能 要点 典句示例 动词不定式 主语 常用it作形式主语, 谓语动词用单数 It is necessary for us to learn
a second language. It’s very hard to learn an art. 表语 表示主语的“职业,职责和性质”等 My goal is to be a scientist. Her work is to clean the room every day.
(3)使/让/叫某人做某事