2024届高考英语基础知识讲解与训练：构词法
基础知识 构词法的讲解与训练
构词法
知识要点
英语构词方法主要有三种：即合成法、派生法derivation )和转化法。
1合成法：将两个或两个以上的单词合成在一起而构成的新词，叫做合成词。：snow-white 雪白的day-long 整天的
2. 派生法：所谓派生，即在词根上加前缀或后缀构成另一个与原意略有变化或截然相反的词。例：discover 发现disagree 不同意的nation→national 民族的，国家的；nature→natural 自然的treatment 治疗development 开发展
转化法：英语单词的词性非常活跃，名词用作动词，动词转化为名词，形容词用作动词等现象非常普遍，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性的方式就叫做词性的转化。：
有大量动词可以转化为名词，有时意思没变化。
Let me have a try. 让我试一试。
名词转化为动词
Have you booked your ticket? 你的票订好了吗？
一些表示某类人的名词也可做动词
If so,we shall be badly fooled. 如果这样我们就会上大当。
形容词转化为动词
The train slowed down to half its speed. 火车速度减慢了一半。
疑难突破
1、合成法
（1）合成形容词
名词+现在分词 例：English-speaking 讲英语的，south-facing 朝南的
名词+过去分词 例：man-made 人造的，water-covered 被水覆盖的
名词+形容词 例：snow-white 雪白的，day-long 整天的
形容词+名词+-ed 例：warm-hearted 热情的，kind-hearted 好心肠的
形容词/副词+现在分词 例：good-looking 好看的 funny-looking 滑稽的
副词+过去分词 例：well-known 出名的, deep-set(眼睛）深陷的
副词/形容词+名词 例：right-hand 右手的，full-time 专职的
数词+名词 例：100-meter 100米的，million-pound 百万英镑的
数词+名词+形容词 例：180-foot-high 180英寸高的，10-year-old 10岁的
数词+名词+-ed 例：four-footed/legged 四脚的，one-eyed 独眼龙的
（2）合成名词
名词+名词 例：weekend 周末，classroom 教室，bookshop 书店
形容词/介词+名词 例：gentleman 绅士，loudspeaker 扬声器
动词+名词 例：typewriter 打字机，cookbook 烹调书
名词+动词 例：daybreak 破晓，toothpick 牙签
动词-ing形式+名词 例：reading-room 阅览室，sleeping-car 卧车车厢
副词+动词 例：outbreak 爆发，downpour 倾盆大雨
名词+动名词 例：handwriting 笔迹，sun-bathing 日光浴
名词+in/to+名词 例：mother-in-law 岳母，brother-in-law 姐夫
（3）合成动词
副词+动词 例：overthrow 推翻，understand 理解
形容词+动词 例：broadcast 广播，whitewash 粉刷
名词+动词 例：typewrite 打字，sleepwalk 梦游
（4）合成副词
介词+名词 例：underfoot 脚下，beforehand 事先
形容词+名词 例：hotfoot 匆忙地，someday 有朝一日
形容词+副词 例：anywhere 任何地方，outwards 向外、
（5）合成介词：within在之内，without没有，inside在里边，into进入
（6）合成代词：myself我自己，ourselves我们自己，anyone任何人，nobody没有人nothing没东西，somebody有人。
2派生法
前缀 前缀通常只改变词义，不改变词性。
表示否定的前缀
un- 构成反义词，表示“不” 例：unfit 不合适的，unhappy 不高兴的
dis- 构成反义词，表示“不” 例：discover 发现，disagree 不同意的
in-/im- 构成反义词，表示“不”，用于以c,b,m,p等开头的词。
例：impossible 不可能的，imcorrect 不正确的
ir- 构成反义词，表示“不”，用于以r开头的单词 例：irregular 不规则的
il- 构成反义词，表示“不”，用于以l开头的单词 例：illegal 不合法的
mis- 构成反义词，表示“错误” 例：mistake 错误，misuse 错用
non- 构成反义词，表示“不” 例：non-stop 不停的，non-smoker 非吸烟者
常用英语前缀
a-使，离，向 awake摇醒,apart使分离,
ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,al-向，加强：accord依照,affect影响
anti-反，防止：antitank反坦克,antiJapanese 抗日,anticlockwise逆时针
auto-自，自动：automation自动化,autobiograph 自传
kilo- 千：kilometres,kilowatt,kilograms,
micro- 微：microbe 微生物
mini- 微小：minibus 小巴,miskirt超短裙,minister 大臣部长
non- 不，非：non-party 无党派的,non-stop 不间断,
over- 超出，反转：overweight 超重,overthrow 推翻
per- 贯通，遍及：perform完成,perfect 完美
post- 在后：postwar 战后,postern 后门
pre- 在前：preface 前言,
pro- 向前，拥护：prologue 序言,pro-American 亲美的
re- 重复，相反：recall 回忆,react 反应
se- 分离：separate 使分离,select 选出
sur- 超，外加：surface 表面,surtax 附加税，
tele- 远：television 电视
un- 否定：unfair 不公平的
up- 向上：upset推翻,upstairs 在楼上
uni- 单一：united联合的,unit 单位
3）其他意义的前缀：
re- 表示“再；又；重”，re-多重读，构成双重读词。 例：rewrite 重写
a- 表示“的”，多构成表语形容词。 例：alone 单独的，alike 相像的
tele- 表示“远程的”。 例：telephone 电话，television 电视
en- 表示“使”，构成动词。 例：enlarge 扩大，enable 使能够
inter- 表示“关系”。 例：Internet 因特网 international 国际的
（2）后缀
后缀通常改变词性，构成意思相近的其它词性的词；少数后缀同时会改变词义。
形容词性后缀：
-al 例：nation→national 民族的，国家的；nature→natural 自然的
-able 表示“有能力的” 例：eat→eatable 能吃的
-an/ian 表示“国家的，国家人的”。 例：America→American 美国（人）的
-ern 表示“方向的”。 例：east→eastern 东方的，south→southern南方的
-ful 例：beauty→beautiful 美丽的，care→careful 小心的
-less 表示否定 例：care→careless 粗心的，use→useless 无用的
-ic/ical 例：electricity→electric/electrical 电的
-ese 表示“人的”。 例：China→Chinese 中国（人）的
-ly 例：friend→friendly 友好的，year→yearly 每年的
-y 表示“天气”等。 例：cloud→cloudy 多云的，dust→dusty 多尘的
-ous 例：famous 著名的，continuous 连续不断的
-ish 例：childish 孩子气的，selfish 自私的
-en 例：golden 金色的，wooden 木制的，woolen 羊毛的
-ive 例：active 积极的，collective 集体的
2）动词后缀：
-fy 例：beauty→beautify 美化
-en 例：wide→widen 加宽,sharp→sharpen 削 ，loose→loosen 使松散
3）副词后缀
-ly 例：bad→badly 坏地，easy→easily 容易地
-ward 表示“方向”。 例：backward 向后，eastward 向东
名词后缀：
-ment 例：agree→agreement 协议，move→movement 运动
-ness 例：happy→happiness 幸福，busy→business 事务
-tion 例：explain→explanation 解释，dictate→dictation 听写
-er 表示“人”。 例：work→worker 工人，buy→buyer 买主
-or 表示“人”。 例：act→actor 演员，sail→sailor 海员
-ist 表示“人”。例：piano→pianist 钢琴家，science→scientist 科学家
-ess 表示“人或动物”，指阴性。 例：actress 女演员，lioness 母狮子
-ful 表示“量”。 例：mouthful 一口，handful 一把
-th 例：true→truth 真理，long→length 长度
数词后缀
-teen 构成“十几”。 例：five→fifteen 十五
-ty 构成“几十”。 例：nine→ninty 九十，five→fifty 五十
-th 构成序数词。 例：five→fifth 第五，six→sixth 第六
3转化法
（1）动词转化为名词例：
ry vt→try n.
Swim游泳 vi→.swim游泳 n.
（2）名词转化为动词例：
seat座位
n. →seat使就做 vt.
（3）形容词转化为动词例：
有少数形容词也可以用作动词。
slow slow使减慢vt.
warm温暖的a.→ warm 使温暖 vt.
即学即练
1. That man was ________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.
A. care
B. careful
C. careless
D. carelessness
2. The soldier died for saving the child，so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai.
A. die
B. dead
C. died
D. death
3. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a ________.
A. chemistry
B. Chemical
C. chemist
D. physician
4.The three- ________chair isn’t suitable for a young child. He may fall off.
A. legging
B. legged
C. legs
D. leged
5.Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world.
A. lead
B. leader
C. leading
D. leadership
6.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked________about at his classmates.
A. proud
B. proudly
C. pride
D. pridely
7.To everyone’s ________，the girl finished the job quite well.
A. satisfied
B. Satisfactory
C. satisfying
D. satisfaction
8.（2024·广西贺州） 综合填空。
阅读下面短文，根据上下文及所给的首字母，填入一个合适的词，使短文意思完整。并将完整的单词写在答题卷上。
Bill lives in a very far village. He knows l 86
about the outside world because he hardly ever gets our of his village.
One day, he got a radio f _87
his uncle who lives in the city. He was very excited and s _88
the radio to all his friends.
“Great!” Sheela, one of his friends, said. “Could you please get one for me, too?” another friend Mashi asked. Of course Bill felt very proud o _89
the radio.
However, the radio stopped w _90
only a few days later. Bill was very sad but didn’t know w _91
to do. A friend of his told h_92
to go to the repair shop in town. So he did. The man in the shop f _93_ two dead cockroach(蟑螂) in the radio.
Bill started crying. The man, of course, was surprised, “W94
are you crying, my boy?” Bill cried said, “Because the two singer died in my radio. How am I going to listen to nice s_95_ ?”
直击高考
1.（2024广东）
阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或者用括号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡标号为16~25的相应位置上。
One day, Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen. Suddenly, he ____16____(find) that he has run out of salt. So Nick called to his son, “Go to the village and buy some salt, but pay a fair price for it: neither too much ____17____too little.”
His son looked surprised. “I can understand why I shouldn’t pay too much, Father, but if I can pay less, ____18____not save a bit of money?”
“That would be a very ____19____(reason) thing to do in a big city, but it could destroy a small village like ours,” Nick said.
Nick’s guests, ____20____had heard their conversation, asked why they should not buy salt more cheaply if they could. Nick replied, “The only reason a man would sell salt ____21____a lower price would be because he was desperate for money. And anyone who took advantage of that situation would be showing a lack of respect ____22____the sweat and struggle of the man who worked very hard to produce it.”
“But such a small thing couldn’t ____23____(possible) destroy a village.”
“In the beginning, there was only ____24____very small amount of unfairness in the world, but everyone added a little, always ____25____(think) that it was only small and not very important, and look where we have ended up today.”
2.（2024·上海卷）Section B
Directions:
Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
As infants, we can recognize our mothers within hours of birth. In fact, we can recognize the
41
of our mother’s face well before we can recognize her body shape. It’s
42
how the brain can carry out such a function at such a young age, especially since we don’t learn to walk and talk until we are over a year old. By the time we are adults, we have the ability to distinguish around 100,000 faces. How can we remember so many faces when many of us find it difficult to
43
such a simple thing as a phone number? The exact process is not yet fully understood, but research around the world has begun to define the specific areas of the brain and processes
44
for facial recognition.
Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology believe that they have succeeded in
