2024高考英语备考复习学案：动词的时态和语态
动词的时态和语态一直是历年高考的必考点。主要考查考生在特定语境下对时态和语态的理解，其中现在完成时、一般过去时、过去完成时的运用出现得最为频繁。此外，为了增加试题的区分度，命题者还常常把动词的时态和语态以及主谓一致结合在一起考查。
在解题时要注意以下几个问题：
1． 这个动作可能发生在什么时间？题干中可参照的时间信息有哪些？
2． 这个动作处于什么状态？是进行中，还是已结束(完成)？限制或修饰这个动作的状语信息有哪些？
3． 这个动作与主语的关系，是主动还是被动？
只要全面细致地考虑了这些问题，试题的答案也就水落石出了。
动词时态的基本结构和用法类别 意义 例句
现在时态 一般现在时 1.主要表示现在的特征、状态、经常性动作或客观事实等。2.用在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，表示将来。3.少数表示动作起止的动词有时也可用一般现在时代替一般将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。 ①I play ping pong quite well, but I haven't had time to play since the new year. ②If it rains tomorrow, will you still go？③The plane for Canada leaves at 9：15.
类别 意义 例句
现在时态 现在进行时 1.表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作。
2.与副词always，continually，constantly，never等连用时表示厌恶或赞扬等的感情色彩。
3.go，come，leave，start，stay等少数表示来、去、开始、离开等意义的瞬间动词的进行时可以表示一个按规定、计划或安排好的将要进行的动作。 ①My brother is reading an interesting novel these days.
②You are always forgetting the important things.
③We're moving to the new building next week.
类别 意义 例句
现在时态 现在完成时 1.现在完成时的两种意义：①表示动作发生于过去，对现在有一定的影响或结果。②表示动作或状态过去已经开始，持续到现在而且可能继续下去。
2.短暂性动词在肯定句中不可与表示时间段的for, since等连用。
3.可用在表时间、条件、让步的状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。
4.在It is the first/ second … time that…句型中，that从句的谓语动词用现在完成时。 ①They have cleaned the classroom. (即： The room is clean now. )
②He has lived in this country for 40 years.
③Once you have made a promise, you shouldn't break it.
④It is the first time that I have been here.
类别 意义 例句
现在时态 现在完成进行时 1.表示从过去某一时刻开始的动作一直延续到现在，现在可能刚刚结束，也可能仍要继续。
2.表示瞬间意义的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。 ①I've been sitting here all day.
②Now that she is out of a job, Lucy has been considering going back to school, but she hasn't decided yet.
类别 意义 例句
过去时态 一般过去时 1.主要表示过去某时发生的情况或动作(包括过去习惯性的动作)。2.所表达的事件与现在无关。3.即使是刚刚发生的事情也要用过去时。 ①If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic. But it rained all day. ②Sorry. I didn't know you were here.
类别 意义 例句
过去时态 过去进行时 1.表示过去某一时间正进行的动作 。通常有时间状语(从句)，或有上下文提示。2.与副词always, continually, constantly, never等连用时表示厌恶或赞扬等的感情色彩。3.go，come，leave，start，stay等少数表示来、去、开始、离开等意义的瞬间动词的进行时可以表示一个按规定、计划或安排好的过去某个时间将要进行的动作。 ①As she was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep.②My grandfather was always forgetting things. ③Mr. Smith said he was leaving for London soon.
类别 意义 例句
过去时态 过去完成时 1.表示某一动作或存在的状态发生在过去某一时间或动作之前，即“过去的过去”。 可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。2.表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。3.动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。4.用在hardly…when…，no sooner…than…，It was the first (second, etc.) time (that)…等固定句型中。 ①By nine o'clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. ②I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. ③They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. ④Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
类别 意义 例句
过去时态 过去将来时 1.常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。2.was/were about to do…when…正要做某事这时…… ①He said he would come and help me if necessary.
②I was just about to explain when he interrupted me.
类别 意义 例句
将来时态 will (shall)＋do 其特殊用法：
1．单纯的将来。
2．说话时临时的打算。
①I will be 17 next month.
②—Sorry, I forgot to post your letter.
—It doesn't matter. I will go and post it myself.
类别 意义 例句
将来时态 be going to＋do 1. 按照计划打算做(即说话时早已有的打算)。
2．根据客观迹象预示着……。
①—Ann is in hospital.
—Yes, I know. I'm going to visit her tomorrow.
②Look at the clouds. It is going to rain.
类别 意义 例句
将来时态 be
to
＋
do
1. 表示按计划要发生的事或表示命令、职责、义务、要求等。
2．可以用于条件句，表示“想，想要做……。”
3．be to do 结构有时还可以表示“注定了……”。
①The president is to visit the school next week.
②You are to do your homework before you watch TV. (相当于should, ought to)
③If you are to pass the exams, you will have to study harder from now on.
④They were never to meet again.
类别 意义 例句
将来时态 be
about
to
＋
do
表示即将发生的动作，意为：很快，马上。后面一般不跟时间状语。常与when 连用， 构成句型“…be about to do …when… ”(正要做…这时…)
We are about to leave.
二、几种易混时态的辨析
1． 一般现在时与现在进行时
一般现在时表示经常性的、习惯性的或状态性的行为。 而现在进行时则具有进行性、未完成性和暂时性的特点。如：
On the wall hangs a picture painted by Qi Baishi.
This is not my coat. Mine is hanging behind the door.
如：
[2010·重庆卷] The palace caught fire three times in the last century，and little of the original building ________ now.
A．remains
B．is remained
C．is remaining
D．has been remained
【解析】 A 考查动词用法及时态。remain作不及物动词用，表示“剩下，仍有”，只能用于主动语态，不可直接跟宾语。结合语境应用一般现在时表示现状。
2． 一般过去时和现在完成时
一般过去时所表达的事件与现在无关。而现在完成时则强调对现在的影响和结果。如：
I stayed in Beijing for five days. Then I went to America. (I am not in Beijing now. )
I have stayed in Beijing for five days and haven't decided where to go next. (I am still in Beijing now and don't know where to go next.)
[2010·北京卷] —I'm sorry，but I don't quite follow you. Did you say you wanted to return on September 20?
—Sorry，I ________myself clear. We want to return on October 20.
A．hadn't made
B．wouldn't make
C．don't make
D．haven't made
【解析】 D 本题考查时态和情景交际。答句句意为：抱歉，我还没有把我的意思表达明白，强调对现在造成的影响，用现在完成时态。
3． 一般过去时和过去进行时
一般过去时表示发生在过去的动作或过去存在的状态。过去进行时则表示在过去某个时间点或时间段正在做某事。进行时具有进行性、未完成性和暂时性的特点。
如：
I read a book last month. (书已经在过去某个时间点读完)
I was reading a book last month. (书未读完)
— Has Sam finished his homework today?
— I have no idea. He ________it this morning.
A．did
B．has done
C．was doing
D．had done
【解析】 C 此题容易误选A。根据I have no idea这一关键信息可知，说话者对是否完成并不知道，因此用进行时，表示今天上午在做。
4． 一般过去时和过去完成时
判断是不是过去完成时应先从时间轴上找到表示“过去”的时间点或动作①，然后判断在这个时间点或动作之前还有没有另一个动作②，并且判断该句是否强调②发生在①前。
The moment I got home, I found I had left my jacket on the playground.
5． 完成时和完成进行时的用法比较
现在完成时和过去完成时分别表示某一动作持续到现在或过去某一时间。现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时虽然也表示一个动作持续到现在或过去某一时间，但更强调动作的持续性。完成时强调动作的结果，完成进行时强调动作的延续。
如：
(1) —Why does the river smell terrible?
—Because the water________.
A．have polluted
B．is being polluted
C．has been polluted
D．have been polluted
【解析】 C 考查完成时和完成进行时的用法和主谓一致。根据问句可知所填动词表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响，时态用现在完成时，动词与主语是被动关系，用被动语态。主语是the water，谓语动词用单数，选C。
(2) He ________ articles for our newspaper these years, and he ________about 40 articles.
A．has written；has written
B．has been writing；writes
C．is writing；has been writing
D．has been writing；has written
【解析】 D 考查完成时和完成进行时的用法。由句意知“这些年他一直在写”，用has been writing；“已写完了”用has written。
三、被动语态
动词的语态反映主语与谓语动词之间的一种关系。动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者时，谓语动词用主动语态；当句子的主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者时，谓语动词用被动语态。在主动语态中，句子通过谓语动词的不同形式体现出不同的时态形式；被动语态由“助动词be ＋ 过去分词”构成，不同的时态通过 be 的不同形式体现。其被动语态构成方法与普通的及物动词的被动语态的构成方法相同。 常用被动语态
构成(以ask为例)
常用被动语态
构成
1 一般现在时 am/is/are asked
6 过去进行时
was/were being asked
2 一般过去时 was/were asked
7 现在完成时
have/has been asked
3 一般将来时 shall/will be asked
8 过去完成时
had been asked
4 过去将来时 would be asked
9 将来完成时
will/would have been asked
5 现在进行时 am/is/are being asked
10 含有情态动词的被动语态 can/must/may be asked
注意事项 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动语态不可漏掉其中的介词或副词。如：Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates.
“get ＋ 过去分词”可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。如：She got married last week. He fell off the car and got killed.
汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that…
注意事项 不用被动语态的情况 不及物动词及短语没有被动语态，如：happen, take place, last, break out, come about, come out等。如：The book came out last year.
The meeting lasted about 4 hours without reaching any agreement.
系动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep等都没有被动语态。如：The food tastes good.The cloth feels soft. His plan proved (to be) practical. It has gone bad.
表示主语的某种属性特征的动词不需用被动语态。如read, write, act, cut, draw, drive, sell, wash, open, lock, shut, dry, start。这类动词一般不单独使用，常用一个修饰语。如： The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。 My pen won't write. 我的笔写不出字来。 This coat dries easily. 这种外衣容易干。 The door won't lock. 这门锁不上。 The engine won't start. 引擎发动不起来。 The cloth washes well. 这布很耐洗。
1． —Hi, Lucy, you look tired.
—I'm really tired. I ________the living room all day.
A．painted
B．had painted
C．have been painting
D．have been painted
【误】 学生容易分辨不清C与D的区别，而误选D。
【正】 C 表示我一整天都在刷房子，应该用现在完成进行时。
2． Nancy is not coming tonight. But she ________！(promise)
【误】 But she has promised.
【正】 But she promised.
【解析】 Nancy“答应要来”这个动作应该发生在过去，是过去作出的承诺，前文已告诉我们“她不来了”，因此诺言已跟现在没有关系，只是过去的一个动作。
3． 托尼给我打电话时，我刚完成工作，要开始洗澡。
