高考英语二轮复习精品课件：专题二语法 第2讲时态与语态（大纲版湖北专用）
被动语态 一、使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题 5.当句子的谓语为say, believe, expect, think, know, write, consider, report等时，被动语态有两种形式： ①谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。 ②用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语从句来表示。 People know paper was made in China first. →It is known that paper was made in China first. →Paper was known to be made in China first. 类似句型有：It is said/known/suggested/believed/hoped/ thought that ··· 被动语态 二、不能用被动语态的几种情况
1.所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。
2.表示状态的谓语动词，如：last, hold, benefit, contain, equal, fit, join, mean, look like, consist of 等。
3.表示归属的动词，如：have, own, belong to等。
4.表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish, want, hope, like, love, hate等。
5.宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。
6.宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。
7.有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有sell, write, wash, open, lock等。
被动语态 三、主动形式表被动意义
1.当feel, look, smell, taste, sound等后面接形容词时；当cut, read, sell, wear, write等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时，用主动形式表示被动含义。
This kind of cloth washes easily.
My pen writes smoothly.
The door won’t lock. 被动语态 三、主动形式表被动意义
2.当break out, take place, shut off, turn off, work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时，用主动形式表示被动含义。
The plan worked out successfully.
The lamps on the wall turn off.
3.want, require, need后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义。
4.be worth doing 用主动形式表示被动含义。
5.在“be + 形容词 + to do”中， 不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语， 用主动形式表示被动。 例 1 （2009·湖南）Would you please keep silent? The weather report
and I want to listen.
A. is broadcast
B. is being broadcast
C. has been broadcast
D. had been broadcast
在语境中考查进行时态的被动语态。句意为：请保持安静行吗? 我想听正在广播的天气报告。说话间正在发生的动作，应用进行时同时表示被动含义。
剖析 例 2 （2009·山东）The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities
rising steadily since 1997.
A. is
B. are
C. has been
D. have been
本题考查主谓一致和时态，主语是 the number故谓语动词用单数，又因时间状语是since 1997所以用完成时态。
剖析 例 3 （2009·四川）
— You speak very good French!
— Thanks. I
French in Sichuan University for four years.
A. studied
B. study
C. was studying
D. had studied
考查时态。我在四川大学学过4年法语是指过去发生的事情，所以谓语动词用一般过去时表示过去的学习（工作）经历。
剖析 例 4
（2009·福建）According to the literary review, Shakespeare
his characters live through their language in his plays.
A. will make
B. had made
C. was making
D. makes
考查动词时态。题干是陈述一个客观真理，用一般现在时。
剖析 例 5
（2009·上海） Mary went to the box office at lunch time, but all the tickets
out.
A. would sell
B. had sold
C. have sold
D. was selling
考查动词过去完成时。过去完成时表示过去的过去。
剖析
语 法 第2讲
时态与语态
时态 一、一般现在时考点分析
1.表示客观事实或普遍真理（不受时态限制）
Water boils at 100℃.
2.表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用，如：often, usually, frequently, never, hardly, three times, every day/month ··· 等。
We always care for each other and help each other. 时态 一、一般现在时考点分析
3.表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时，如：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong, seem等。
All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.
4.在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。
If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased. 时态 一、一般现在时考点分析
5.少数用于表示起止的动词,如come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。
The shop closes at 11:00 p.m.every day.
Tomorrow is Wednesday. 时态 二、一般过去时考点分析（考核重点）
1.一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示），如：yesterday, the day before yesterday, last day/month等；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事。
I met her in the street yesterday.
2.如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语, 尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生, 但从句中的谓语动词仍使用过去式。
He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
时态 二、一般过去时考点分析（考核重点）
3.表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute等连接，用一般过去时。
The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.
4.常用一般过去时的句型。
Why didn’t you/I think of that?
I didn’t notice it.
I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.
I didn’t recognize him. 时态 三、一般将来时考点分析
1.表示将来的动作或状态，常用will/shall + 动词，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如：tomorrow, the day
after tomorrow, next week等。
2.表示一种趋向或习惯性动作。
We’ll die without air or water.
3.表示趋向行为的动词，如：come, go, start, begin, leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。 时态 三、一般将来时考点分析
4.be going to do与will/shall do, be to do, be about to do的用法及区别。
①be going to do表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；
②shall/will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定;
be going to do表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。
If it is fine, we’ll go fishing.(正确)
If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误) 时态
4.be going to do与will/shall do, be to do, be about to do的用法及区别。
③be to do 表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等;
A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’clock this afternoon.
④be about to do 表示“即将，就要做某事”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。
Autumn harvest is about to start. 三、一般将来时考点分析
时态 四、现在进行时考点分析
1.表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段在发生的动作；表近期特定的安排或计划；go, come等起止性动词可用进行时代替将来时。
He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
I am meeting Mr.Wang tonight.
At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the bady before six.)
The girl is always talking loud in public.(现在进行时与always, often等频度副词连用，表经常、反复的行动或赞扬、厌恶等感情色彩) 时态 四、现在进行时考点分析
2.下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。
①表示心理状态、情感的动词：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。
②表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on。
③表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。
④表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。 时态 五、现在完成时考点分析
1.现在完成时与副词ever, just, never, already, yet连用,也可与介词短语during/in /over the last/past few years/months/weeks···, in recent years等连用。
2.下列句型中常用现在完成时
It is/has been + 一段时间 + since从句＋过去时态
This/That/It is the first/second ··· time + that从句+现在完成时
This/That/It is the only ··· + that从句+现在完成时
This/That/It is the best/finest/most interesting···+that从句+现在完成时
3.在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。
I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.
If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better. 时态
六、过去完成时考点分析（考核重点）
1.常用过去完成时的几种情况：
①在by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或过去发生的动作的从句。
By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars.
The train had left before we reached the station.
②表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式的完成式表示, 即：hoped/planned···+ to have done。
③“时间名词 + before”在句中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。
He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.
Xiao Hua left
school 3 years ago. 时态
六、过去完成时考点分析（考核重点）
1.常用过去完成时的几种情况：
④表示“一······就······”的几个句型：Hardly/No sooner/ Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when/than/before + 一般过去时。
We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.
⑤ This/That/It was the first/second···time+that从句+过去完成时 时态
六、过去完成时考点分析（考核重点）
2.在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
After he (had) left the room,
the boss came in.
We arrived home before it snowed. 时态 七、过去将来时考点分析
参照一般将来时对比：用would do, was/were going to do sth表过去将来；come, go, leave等用过去进行时代替过去将来时；was/were to do sth和was/were about to do sth表过去将来。 八、过去进行时考点分析
1.过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生的动作。
2.某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。 时态 九、注意几组时态的区别
1.一般过去时与现在完成时： 时间上有差异：凡表示过去时间点的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有ago, last year, just now, the other day等。 结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。
2.过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓”）形式则只用一般过去时即可。 被动语态 一、使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题
1.主动变被动时双宾语的变化:直接宾语作主语，间接宾语加介词to, for, or等。
My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
→An interesting book was given to me (by my friend)on my birthday.
→I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.
2.主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）,（作补语的）不定式前需加to。
The boss made him work all day long.
→He was made to work all day long (by the boss).
被动语态的构成方式：be + 过去分词，或口语中get/become + 过去分词。
被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态；强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）。 被动语态 一、使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题
3.短语动词变被动语态时， 勿掉“尾巴”。
The children were taken good care of (by her).
4.情态动词+be going to/be to/ be sure to/used to / have to/had better等结构变被动语态时，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为“be +过去分词”。
被动语态 一、使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题 5.当句子的谓语为say, believe, expect, think, know, write, consider, report等时，被动语态有两种形式： ①谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。 ②用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语从句来表示。 People know paper was made in China first. →It is known that paper was made in China first. →Paper was known to be made in China first. 类似句型有：It is said/known/suggested/believed/hoped/ thought that ··· 被动语态 二、不能用被动语态的几种情况
1.所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。
2.表示状态的谓语动词，如：last, hold, benefit, contain, equal, fit, join, mean, look like, consist of 等。
3.表示归属的动词，如：have, own, belong to等。
4.表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish, want, hope, like, love, hate等。
5.宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。
6.宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。
7.有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有sell, write, wash, open, lock等。
被动语态 三、主动形式表被动意义
1.当feel, look, smell, taste, sound等后面接形容词时；当cut, read, sell, wear, write等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时，用主动形式表示被动含义。
This kind of cloth washes easily.
My pen writes smoothly.
The door won’t lock. 被动语态 三、主动形式表被动意义
2.当break out, take place, shut off, turn off, work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时，用主动形式表示被动含义。
The plan worked out successfully.
The lamps on the wall turn off.
3.want, require, need后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义。
4.be worth doing 用主动形式表示被动含义。
5.在“be + 形容词 + to do”中， 不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语， 用主动形式表示被动。 例 1 （2009·湖南）Would you please keep silent? The weather report
and I want to listen.
A. is broadcast
B. is being broadcast
C. has been broadcast
D. had been broadcast
在语境中考查进行时态的被动语态。句意为：请保持安静行吗? 我想听正在广播的天气报告。说话间正在发生的动作，应用进行时同时表示被动含义。
剖析 例 2 （2009·山东）The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities
rising steadily since 1997.
A. is
B. are
C. has been
D. have been
本题考查主谓一致和时态，主语是 the number故谓语动词用单数，又因时间状语是since 1997所以用完成时态。
剖析 例 3 （2009·四川）
— You speak very good French!
— Thanks. I
French in Sichuan University for four years.
A. studied
B. study
C. was studying
D. had studied
考查时态。我在四川大学学过4年法语是指过去发生的事情，所以谓语动词用一般过去时表示过去的学习（工作）经历。
剖析 例 4
（2009·福建）According to the literary review, Shakespeare
his characters live through their language in his plays.
A. will make
B. had made
C. was making
D. makes
考查动词时态。题干是陈述一个客观真理，用一般现在时。
剖析 例 5
（2009·上海） Mary went to the box office at lunch time, but all the tickets
out.
A. would sell
B. had sold
C. have sold
D. was selling
考查动词过去完成时。过去完成时表示过去的过去。
剖析
语 法 第2讲
时态与语态
时态 一、一般现在时考点分析
1.表示客观事实或普遍真理（不受时态限制）
Water boils at 100℃.
2.表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用，如：often, usually, frequently, never, hardly, three times, every day/month ··· 等。
We always care for each other and help each other. 时态 一、一般现在时考点分析
3.表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时，如：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong, seem等。
All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.
4.在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。
If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased. 时态 一、一般现在时考点分析
5.少数用于表示起止的动词,如come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。
The shop closes at 11:00 p.m.every day.
Tomorrow is Wednesday. 时态 二、一般过去时考点分析（考核重点）
1.一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示），如：yesterday, the day before yesterday, last day/month等；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事。
I met her in the street yesterday.
2.如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语, 尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生, 但从句中的谓语动词仍使用过去式。
He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
时态 二、一般过去时考点分析（考核重点）
3.表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute等连接，用一般过去时。
The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.
4.常用一般过去时的句型。
Why didn’t you/I think of that?
I didn’t notice it.
I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.
I didn’t recognize him. 时态 三、一般将来时考点分析
1.表示将来的动作或状态，常用will/shall + 动词，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如：tomorrow, the day
after tomorrow, next week等。
2.表示一种趋向或习惯性动作。
We’ll die without air or water.
3.表示趋向行为的动词，如：come, go, start, begin, leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。 时态 三、一般将来时考点分析
4.be going to do与will/shall do, be to do, be about to do的用法及区别。
①be going to do表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；
②shall/will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定;
be going to do表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。
If it is fine, we’ll go fishing.(正确)
If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误) 时态
4.be going to do与will/shall do, be to do, be about to do的用法及区别。
③be to do 表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等;
A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’clock this afternoon.
④be about to do 表示“即将，就要做某事”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。
Autumn harvest is about to start. 三、一般将来时考点分析
时态 四、现在进行时考点分析
1.表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段在发生的动作；表近期特定的安排或计划；go, come等起止性动词可用进行时代替将来时。
He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
I am meeting Mr.Wang tonight.
At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the bady before six.)
The girl is always talking loud in public.(现在进行时与always, often等频度副词连用，表经常、反复的行动或赞扬、厌恶等感情色彩) 时态 四、现在进行时考点分析
2.下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。
①表示心理状态、情感的动词：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。
②表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on。
③表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。
④表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。 时态 五、现在完成时考点分析
1.现在完成时与副词ever, just, never, already, yet连用,也可与介词短语during/in /over the last/past few years/months/weeks···, in recent years等连用。
2.下列句型中常用现在完成时
It is/has been + 一段时间 + since从句＋过去时态
This/That/It is the first/second ··· time + that从句+现在完成时
This/That/It is the only ··· + that从句+现在完成时
This/That/It is the best/finest/most interesting···+that从句+现在完成时
3.在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。
I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.
If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better. 时态
六、过去完成时考点分析（考核重点）
1.常用过去完成时的几种情况：
①在by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或过去发生的动作的从句。
By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars.
The train had left before we reached the station.
②表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式的完成式表示, 即：hoped/planned···+ to have done。
③“时间名词 + before”在句中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。
He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.
Xiao Hua left
school 3 years ago. 时态
六、过去完成时考点分析（考核重点）
1.常用过去完成时的几种情况：
④表示“一······就······”的几个句型：Hardly/No sooner/ Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when/than/before + 一般过去时。
We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.
⑤ This/That/It was the first/second···time+that从句+过去完成时 时态
六、过去完成时考点分析（考核重点）
2.在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
After he (had) left the room,
the boss came in.
We arrived home before it snowed. 时态 七、过去将来时考点分析
参照一般将来时对比：用would do, was/were going to do sth表过去将来；come, go, leave等用过去进行时代替过去将来时；was/were to do sth和was/were about to do sth表过去将来。 八、过去进行时考点分析
1.过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生的动作。
2.某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。 时态 九、注意几组时态的区别
1.一般过去时与现在完成时： 时间上有差异：凡表示过去时间点的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有ago, last year, just now, the other day等。 结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。
2.过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓”）形式则只用一般过去时即可。 被动语态 一、使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题
1.主动变被动时双宾语的变化:直接宾语作主语，间接宾语加介词to, for, or等。
My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
→An interesting book was given to me (by my friend)on my birthday.
→I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.
2.主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）,（作补语的）不定式前需加to。
The boss made him work all day long.
→He was made to work all day long (by the boss).
被动语态的构成方式：be + 过去分词，或口语中get/become + 过去分词。
被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态；强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）。 被动语态 一、使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题
3.短语动词变被动语态时， 勿掉“尾巴”。
The children were taken good care of (by her).
4.情态动词+be going to/be to/ be sure to/used to / have to/had better等结构变被动语态时，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为“be +过去分词”。
