12月英语四级考试语法权威解析
一、动词语态详解
语态是动词的一种形式,它用来表示句中主语同谓语动词之间的关系。
英语有两种语态, 主动语态和被动语态, 主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者。例如:
1. I have repaired the radio.
我修好了收音机。
2. The radio has been repaired.
收音机被修好了。
3. The students cleaned the classroom.
学生们打扫了教室。
4. The classroom was cleaned by the students.
教室被学生们打扫了。
被动语态的构成:be + 过去分词
1. A building was damaged by the storm.
暴风雨毁坏了一座建筑物。
2. Our plate was made in China.
我们的盘子是中国生产的。
3. My bike was stolen.
我的自行车被盗了。
常用的被动语态的时态变化如下,以 ask 为例:
现在I am asked, I am being asked, I have been asked
过去I was asked,I was being asked,I had been asked
将来I shall be asked, I shall have been asked
过去将来I shall be asked
被动语态的疑问句是把助动词提前到句首。
1. Has your TV set been repaired?
你的电视机修了吗?
2. Was the kite broken?
风筝破了吗?
3. Has the work been done?
工作结束了吗?
被动语态的否定式是在助动词后面加 not.
1. The letter has not been sent out.
信还没有发出去。
2. The little boy has not been found out.
小孩还没有找到。
3. The cap has not been mended yet.
帽子还没有补好。
4. Their money has not been sent to them.
他们的钱还没有送到他们手
二、方式状语从句讲解
方式状语从句通常由as, asso, as if, as though引导。
1)as, asso引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后,但在 asso结构中位于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是正如,就像,多用于正式文体,例如:
1. Always do to the others as you would be done by.
你希望人家怎样待你,你就要怎样待人。
2. As water is to fish, so air is to man.
我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水。
3. Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打扫房屋一样,我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
2)as if, as though两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作仿佛似的,好像似的,例如:
1. They completely ignore these facts as if they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实,就仿佛它不存在似的。
2. He looks as if he had been hit by lighting.
他那样子就像被雷击了似的。
3. It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来。
说明:as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语,例如:
1. He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.
他目不转睛地看着我,就像第一次看见我似的。
2. He cleared his throat as if to say something.
他清了清嗓子,像要说什么似的。
3. The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.
波涛冲击着岩石,好像很愤怒
三、常见的倒装结构
一、英语中构成疑问句,通常须使用倒装结构,这是语法结构的需要。例如:
1. When are we going to drink to your happiness?
我们什么时候喝你们的喜酒?
2. Have you seen the film?
你看了那部电影吗?
3. Have you anything like that?
在美国英语中常见
4. Do you have anything like that?
你有那样的东西吗?
二、以副词here,there,off,out,away等开头的句子,主要是表示感叹语气的句子,当其主语为名词时,通常要使用倒装。例如:
5. Here comes our teacher!
你们的老师来了!
6. Away went the boy to the school!
那男孩子到学校里去了!
7. Off goes the woman!
那个女人走了!
三、当构成关联从属连词so...that的so位于句首时,往往要使用倒装结构。例如:
8. So loudly did the students read that people could hear them out in the street.
同学们大声读书,人们在街上都听得见。
9. So small were the words that he could hardly see them.
字那么小,他几乎看不见。
四、以引导词there开头的句子,须使用倒装结构。例如:
表示有之概念的There+ be +主语 结构:
10. There are three books on the desk.
桌上有三本书。
11. There were something in the box.
箱子里有东西。
用于正式文体,特别是文学作品中的 there+不及物动词十主语 结构,当主语不明确而又是一个很长的名词短语时,往往使用这种结构:
12. There entered a strange little man.走进来一个奇怪而身材又矮小的人。
13. Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.从前,海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。
在叙述性和描绘性的书面语中,这种结构若带有地点状语,而且把这种状语放在句首时,可以用省略there的倒装结构。例如:
14. In the cottage lives a family of six.
在这幢小茅舍里住着一家六口。
五、当平时一般不放在句首的状语,为了强调起见而放在句首时,使用倒装结构。例如:
15. Near the bridge was an old cottage.
在桥的附近有一幢古老的小茅舍。
16. Well do I remember the day I saw a wild tiger.
见到一只猛虎的那一天,我记得很清楚。
六、当直接引语的一部分或者全部位于句首时,引述分句的主语又是名词或名词短语,该引述分句常用倒装结构。例如:
17. What shall we do? said the teacher.
我们怎么呢?老师说。
18. Great! said my father. Ill go there.
好极了! 我父亲说。我将到那里去。
七、某些让步状语从句往往把表语提到主语前面或放在句首,以构成倒装结构。例如:
19. No matter how interesting the book is,he doesnt like to read it.
不管这本书多有趣,他都不想看。
20. However hard a solid may be,we can change its shape.
不管一个固体有多硬,我们都可以改变其形状。
21. Young as he is, he knows some of the family secrets.
尽管他年纪小,他却知道家里的一些秘密。
22. Difficult as the work was ,it was finished in time.
工作虽然困难,还是及时完成了。
注1) 用as引导的让步状语从句,表语应放在as之前;如果主语是代词,主语就要放在系动词be之前。例20;如果主语是名词,则主语可以放在系动词be之前或后,如例21。2) 用as引导的让步状语从句中,如果谓语是助动词+主要动词原形,则应把主要动词原形放在as之前,其语序为:主要动词原形+as+主语十助动词。例如:
23. Try as I might, I could not lift the stone.
尽管我用尽力气,我还是举不起这块石头。
八、有些表示感叹、祝愿等语气的句子,也可使用倒装结构。例如:
24. Isnt it cold!
天气真冷!
25. Was I surprised!
我真感到惊奇!
26. May both be happy!
祝你们两位幸福!
总之,使用倒装结构的情况比较复杂,不可能在有限的篇幅内作出详尽的介绍与论述。究竟何时使用倒装结构,归结起来不外两点:一是语法结构需要时用;二是表示强调时用。
四、语法权威解析
句子主语+谓语的顺序排列,叫自然语序。谓语在前,主语在后,叫倒装语序。倒装语序又分两种:整个谓语在前,叫完全倒装,部分谓语在前,谓语的主体部分仍在主语之后,叫部分倒装。
完全倒装
在下列情况中,句子需要使用完全倒装:
1 在there, here 引导的句子中,谓语是be, exist 等表示状态的不及物动词。如:
Here are coats for young people.
这有年轻人穿的大衣。
2 在副词now then thus引导的句子里,谓语是come ,follow ,begin, end等。如:
Now comes your turn 该你了。
Thus ended the meeting. 会议就这样结束了。
3 在long live等表示祝愿的句子里。如:
Long live the peoples Republic of China
中华人民共和国万岁。
4 在地点谓语提前,谓语是come, be, stand, sit, lie等动词的句子里。如:
From a speaker on the wall comes the doctors voice.
从墙上的扩音器里传来医生的声音。
5 在谓语是be,表语提前的句子中。如:
So busy is the dentist that he has no time to spare he.
这个外科医生这样忙以致抽不出一点儿时间来。
Nearby were two canoes in which they had cine to the island.
附近有二条独木舟,他们就是坐这个独木舟来的。
6 在不带if的虚拟条件状语从句,谓语动词是be的句子里。如:
Were I in your position, I would ask him about the matter.
我要是处于你那样的位置,我就要问问他这件事。
部分倒装
在下列情况中,句子需要使用部分倒装:
1. 在以may开头的表示祝愿的句子里。如:
May you have a good journey!
祝你一路顺风!
2. Neithernor连接的两个句子都要倒装,not onlybut also连接两个句子时,not only后面的句子要道倒装。如:
Not only did he teach school, but he wrote novels.
他不但在学校里教书,而且还写小说。
3. 在不带if的虚拟条件状语从句中。如:
Had I known the answer, I would have told you.
我要是知道这个答案就告诉你了。
一、动词语态详解
语态是动词的一种形式,它用来表示句中主语同谓语动词之间的关系。
英语有两种语态, 主动语态和被动语态, 主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者。例如:
1. I have repaired the radio.
我修好了收音机。
2. The radio has been repaired.
收音机被修好了。
3. The students cleaned the classroom.
学生们打扫了教室。
4. The classroom was cleaned by the students.
教室被学生们打扫了。
被动语态的构成:be + 过去分词
1. A building was damaged by the storm.
暴风雨毁坏了一座建筑物。
2. Our plate was made in China.
我们的盘子是中国生产的。
3. My bike was stolen.
我的自行车被盗了。
常用的被动语态的时态变化如下,以 ask 为例:
现在I am asked, I am being asked, I have been asked
过去I was asked,I was being asked,I had been asked
将来I shall be asked, I shall have been asked
过去将来I shall be asked
被动语态的疑问句是把助动词提前到句首。
1. Has your TV set been repaired?
你的电视机修了吗?
2. Was the kite broken?
风筝破了吗?
3. Has the work been done?
工作结束了吗?
被动语态的否定式是在助动词后面加 not.
1. The letter has not been sent out.
信还没有发出去。
2. The little boy has not been found out.
小孩还没有找到。
3. The cap has not been mended yet.
帽子还没有补好。
4. Their money has not been sent to them.
他们的钱还没有送到他们手
二、方式状语从句讲解
方式状语从句通常由as, asso, as if, as though引导。
1)as, asso引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后,但在 asso结构中位于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是正如,就像,多用于正式文体,例如:
1. Always do to the others as you would be done by.
你希望人家怎样待你,你就要怎样待人。
2. As water is to fish, so air is to man.
我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水。
3. Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打扫房屋一样,我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
2)as if, as though两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作仿佛似的,好像似的,例如:
1. They completely ignore these facts as if they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实,就仿佛它不存在似的。
2. He looks as if he had been hit by lighting.
他那样子就像被雷击了似的。
3. It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来。
说明:as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语,例如:
1. He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.
他目不转睛地看着我,就像第一次看见我似的。
2. He cleared his throat as if to say something.
他清了清嗓子,像要说什么似的。
3. The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.
波涛冲击着岩石,好像很愤怒
三、常见的倒装结构
一、英语中构成疑问句,通常须使用倒装结构,这是语法结构的需要。例如:
1. When are we going to drink to your happiness?
我们什么时候喝你们的喜酒?
2. Have you seen the film?
你看了那部电影吗?
3. Have you anything like that?
在美国英语中常见
4. Do you have anything like that?
你有那样的东西吗?
二、以副词here,there,off,out,away等开头的句子,主要是表示感叹语气的句子,当其主语为名词时,通常要使用倒装。例如:
5. Here comes our teacher!
你们的老师来了!
6. Away went the boy to the school!
那男孩子到学校里去了!
7. Off goes the woman!
那个女人走了!
三、当构成关联从属连词so...that的so位于句首时,往往要使用倒装结构。例如:
8. So loudly did the students read that people could hear them out in the street.
同学们大声读书,人们在街上都听得见。
9. So small were the words that he could hardly see them.
字那么小,他几乎看不见。
四、以引导词there开头的句子,须使用倒装结构。例如:
表示有之概念的There+ be +主语 结构:
10. There are three books on the desk.
桌上有三本书。
11. There were something in the box.
箱子里有东西。
用于正式文体,特别是文学作品中的 there+不及物动词十主语 结构,当主语不明确而又是一个很长的名词短语时,往往使用这种结构:
12. There entered a strange little man.走进来一个奇怪而身材又矮小的人。
13. Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.从前,海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。
在叙述性和描绘性的书面语中,这种结构若带有地点状语,而且把这种状语放在句首时,可以用省略there的倒装结构。例如:
14. In the cottage lives a family of six.
在这幢小茅舍里住着一家六口。
五、当平时一般不放在句首的状语,为了强调起见而放在句首时,使用倒装结构。例如:
15. Near the bridge was an old cottage.
在桥的附近有一幢古老的小茅舍。
16. Well do I remember the day I saw a wild tiger.
见到一只猛虎的那一天,我记得很清楚。
六、当直接引语的一部分或者全部位于句首时,引述分句的主语又是名词或名词短语,该引述分句常用倒装结构。例如:
17. What shall we do? said the teacher.
我们怎么呢?老师说。
18. Great! said my father. Ill go there.
好极了! 我父亲说。我将到那里去。
七、某些让步状语从句往往把表语提到主语前面或放在句首,以构成倒装结构。例如:
19. No matter how interesting the book is,he doesnt like to read it.
不管这本书多有趣,他都不想看。
20. However hard a solid may be,we can change its shape.
不管一个固体有多硬,我们都可以改变其形状。
21. Young as he is, he knows some of the family secrets.
尽管他年纪小,他却知道家里的一些秘密。
22. Difficult as the work was ,it was finished in time.
工作虽然困难,还是及时完成了。
注1) 用as引导的让步状语从句,表语应放在as之前;如果主语是代词,主语就要放在系动词be之前。例20;如果主语是名词,则主语可以放在系动词be之前或后,如例21。2) 用as引导的让步状语从句中,如果谓语是助动词+主要动词原形,则应把主要动词原形放在as之前,其语序为:主要动词原形+as+主语十助动词。例如:
23. Try as I might, I could not lift the stone.
尽管我用尽力气,我还是举不起这块石头。
八、有些表示感叹、祝愿等语气的句子,也可使用倒装结构。例如:
24. Isnt it cold!
天气真冷!
25. Was I surprised!
我真感到惊奇!
26. May both be happy!
祝你们两位幸福!
总之,使用倒装结构的情况比较复杂,不可能在有限的篇幅内作出详尽的介绍与论述。究竟何时使用倒装结构,归结起来不外两点:一是语法结构需要时用;二是表示强调时用。
四、语法权威解析
句子主语+谓语的顺序排列,叫自然语序。谓语在前,主语在后,叫倒装语序。倒装语序又分两种:整个谓语在前,叫完全倒装,部分谓语在前,谓语的主体部分仍在主语之后,叫部分倒装。
完全倒装
在下列情况中,句子需要使用完全倒装:
1 在there, here 引导的句子中,谓语是be, exist 等表示状态的不及物动词。如:
Here are coats for young people.
这有年轻人穿的大衣。
2 在副词now then thus引导的句子里,谓语是come ,follow ,begin, end等。如:
Now comes your turn 该你了。
Thus ended the meeting. 会议就这样结束了。
3 在long live等表示祝愿的句子里。如:
Long live the peoples Republic of China
中华人民共和国万岁。
4 在地点谓语提前,谓语是come, be, stand, sit, lie等动词的句子里。如:
From a speaker on the wall comes the doctors voice.
从墙上的扩音器里传来医生的声音。
5 在谓语是be,表语提前的句子中。如:
So busy is the dentist that he has no time to spare he.
这个外科医生这样忙以致抽不出一点儿时间来。
Nearby were two canoes in which they had cine to the island.
附近有二条独木舟,他们就是坐这个独木舟来的。
6 在不带if的虚拟条件状语从句,谓语动词是be的句子里。如:
Were I in your position, I would ask him about the matter.
我要是处于你那样的位置,我就要问问他这件事。
部分倒装
在下列情况中,句子需要使用部分倒装:
1. 在以may开头的表示祝愿的句子里。如:
May you have a good journey!
祝你一路顺风!
2. Neithernor连接的两个句子都要倒装,not onlybut also连接两个句子时,not only后面的句子要道倒装。如:
Not only did he teach school, but he wrote novels.
他不但在学校里教书,而且还写小说。
3. 在不带if的虚拟条件状语从句中。如:
Had I known the answer, I would have told you.
我要是知道这个答案就告诉你了。