水木艾迪：阅读理解冲刺之新题型三

　　新题型三：标题内容匹配题

　　此新题型又一分为二：信息匹配题与概括大意题

　　信息匹配题

　　在一篇约500词的文章中给了5个小标题，这些小标题一般是文章中段落或的论点或概括句，要求考生从后面6个选项中选出与论点相匹配的论据或者例子。

　　考题特点：根据标题选论据或例子。

　　解题方法

　　1.先读材料后答题

　　有的考生可能已经养成习惯，喜欢先看后面的选项，然后带着问题再阅读文章。这种答题方法很显然不适合这种新题型，原因很简单，那就是选项中的文字可能比文章的文字少不了多少，选项。读完后也记不住多少。所以，最好的办法是，略读文章没有题目的部分，细读后面的选项，然后再根据小标题一一和选项对照。

　　2.先看标题后看选项

　　通读完材料之后，考生就可以开始答题了，但这时也要注意先后顺序。考生应先看小标题，然后再根据标题所表达的含义到选项中去找对应的阐述部分。在理解全文大意的前提下，我们很容易理解并记住小标题的意思，在备选的选项中去一一对照就比较容易了。做完一道题之后再按同样的方法继续下去。

　　3.概括选项含义，提炼中心思想

　　有的选项可能文字较多，这时考生应概括段落的中心思想，必要时用汉语迅速地把它记下来。同时，可以将重要的句子划出来，整合之后再与前面的小标题一一对照。

　　4.熟悉论证手段，抓住内涵不放

　　前文已经论述了段落展开的几种手段，考生应对他们有一个大概的了解。出题者可以对其中的任何一种手段进行考查。所以，只要考生熟悉这些段落扩展手段并能对段落进行综合概括，在考试时就能既快又准地找到答案。

　　例：

　　Directions:

　　You are going to read a text about the tips on resume writing, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading .There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

　　The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar tombstone that lists where you went to school and where youve worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the functional resume-descriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview.

　　Its handy to have a tombstone for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those unrequested tombstone lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead.

　　What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read-a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers.

　　41.Put yourself first:

　　In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about yourself.

　　42.Sell what you can do, not who you are:

　　Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work.

　　Toot your own horn!

　　Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch-if only you show it.

　　43.Be specific, be concrete, and be brief!

　　Remember that brevity is the best policy.

　　44.Turn bad news into good:

　　Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side.

　　45.Never apologize:

　　If youve returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraphin place of a chronology of experience. Dont apologize for working at being a mother; its the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just dont mention education.

　　The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Dont worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give names to your cluster of accomplishmentsTry to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before youve ready to show it to a strangerfor a reaction. When youve satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right. Isnt that the kind of person youd want working for your?

　　[A]A woman who lost her job as a teachers aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote:Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teachers aide she would rehire if government funds became available.

　　[B]One resume I received included the following: invited by my superior to straighten out our organizations accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts weekly, and improved cash flow 100 per cent. Rewarded with raise and promotion. Notice how this woman focuses on results, specifies how she accomplished them, and mentions her reward-all in 34 words.

　　[C]For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have money management skills.

　　[D]An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statementReady to learn though not so well educated.

　　[E]One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights skills and education background.

　　[F]A woman once told me about a cash-flow crisis her employer had faced. Shed agreed to work without pay for three months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasnt in her resume. She answered, It wasnt important. What she was really saying of course was Im not important.

　　[题解]

　　这篇文章就如何写好个人简历提出了自己的看法。文章用黑体小标题给出了具体的建议，要求考生选出相应的例子。

　　首先，我们要通读全文，了解大意。作者在文中强调的简历应该是functional，应该是读起来有趣，具有个性的。在文章中，作者给出了具体的招数。每个着数都有小标题，解释和举例。在这儿，考生应该明白的是，英语文章中的小标题不一定等同于论点或段落总结句。小标题一般都较短，较简洁，有些小标题为了吸引读者的注意力，用词较夸张，或者只突出文章的一方面。所以考生在做题时，不能慌慌张张地看了小标题就去找答案。应该结合正文理解观点的含义。

　　第一点，Put yourself first。字面意思是把自己往前放。什么意思呢?下面的句子进行了解释，要想让自己的简历使读的人充满热情，那么你首先就要觉得自己是个人物。选项中哪个能进一步说明这一点呢?论证方法是这样的。作者举例说明时，可能从正面角度，也可能从反面角度。[F]就是从反面说明了第一个观点。作者通过例子说明，不要认为自己做过的事情不值一提，瞧不起自己的人别人又怎么会重视呢?

　　第二点，Sell what you can do,not who you are 。要强调能力而不是性格。下面的文字进一步说明了。要学会把自己的个性和成就诠释成具体的技能，世界上有至少5000种技能。文后的例子中只有[C]项最贴切，例如，如果你有节约、投资、管理钱财的天分，那么你拥有理财的能力。

　　第三点，Be specific, be concrete, and briefly!一言以蔽之：简洁。哪个选项说明了这一点呢?[B]项这一个成功的例子说明了这点，一位女士仅用了34个词就把重点说明白了。

　　第四点，Turn bad news into good。这不是要让人颠倒黑白，下面解释道：每个人在工作中总有不尽如人意的地方。如果要提到这些事，那么从积极、正面的角度去看。[A]选项就是一个正面的例子。一个女助教因为政府缩减资金而被解雇地。这似乎不大光彩，但是这位女士谈起此事时却用了另一个角度，校长说了，如果政府的资金够的话，她第一个重聘的就是我，字里行间洋溢着自信。

　　第五点，Never apologize。下面的文字举例说明了，要扬长避短。每个人都有短处，没有必要为自己的短处羞愧。求职就是要让雇主看到自己的闪光点，个人简历不是进行道歉的地方。[D]项以一个失败的例子说明了这一点：作者的一位朋友说他求职时遭到了歧视，因为他的简历中写了好学，但教育程度不高。

　　[答案]41.F42.C43.B44.A45.D

　　概括大意题

　　一、大纲要求

　　一篇长度为约500词的文章，全文由7个段落组成，除首尾两个段落外，其余5段要求考生归纳段落大意，再从6个选项中选出最恰当的5个标题填入空白处。

　　解题技巧

　　这种题型和前面所讲的根据标题选内容的题型在本质上是相同的，只不过是将题目与选项的顺序颠倒过来而已。关于这种题型的答题方法请参照前面所讲的内容。但与此同时还需注意以下几点：

　　1、逐段阅读，逐段回答

　　这种题型的选项一般都放在开头部分，它们大都意思简单，表述简洁。阅读完一段文章之后，考生可停下来，概括段落中心思想，再到前面的选项种去找寻答案。

　　2、注意段首段尾句，准确概括段落大意

　　段落的主题句一般出现在段落的首尾两个地方，所以，概括段落的中心思想首先应该抓住这两个地方不放。

　　3、重复原文者多为陷阱，同义转述者多为答案

　　考生在考试时应该打消这种幻想，那就是正确答案原原本本地来自所对应的段落。这种情况其实很少出现，甚至可以说是不可能的。正确的答案一般都是对原文的概括或转述，所用的词语一般都和考生所熟悉的词语有一定的距离，即，不可能让考生轻轻松松就能拿到分。所以，一旦某选项直接引用段落中的某些词语，它很可能就是陷阱，等着考生往里跳。

　　例：

　　Directions:

　　You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph .The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

　　[A]What to do as a student?

　　[B]Various definitions of plagiarism

　　[C]Ideas should always be sourced

　　[D]Ignorance can be forgiven

　　[E]Plagiarism is equivalent to theft

　　[F]The consequences of plagiarism

　　Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another persons ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of ones ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication as ones own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.

　　41. _________________

　　The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.

　　42. _________________

　　Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.

　　43. _________________

　　Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writers inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.

　　44. _________________

　　Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography-are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them, the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.

　　45. _________________

　　The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.

　　The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.

　　[题解]

　　这篇文章的结构属于现象、问题解决型，内容是关于学术抄袭，作者主要介绍了什么是抄袭，它的后果，以及建设性的建议。整篇文章层次分明，语言简练。

　　文章第1段给抄袭下了定义。第2段的第一句话已经暗示了41题的答案，The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. 中penalties是plagiarism的结果，而在6个选项中，[F]项中的The consequences of plagiarism 刚好与penalties相对应。

　　下1段又说到，学生们应该避免抄袭。而造成抄袭又可以分为3种情况：偶然、无知和故意。接下来的几段就是对这3种情况的进一步介绍。了解了这些段落的大意，考生就可以选出剩下的答案了。

　　42题目所在段落中的首句有Students一词,与选项A中的student相对应。该文中除了最后一段，就只有第三段中有Students一词了。

　　也许考生在43题和44题上会选错，看到44题所处段落中有ignorance这个词就选了[D]。但是该段强调的是作者都应该学会标注引用的来源，如果没有标注，免不了要受到抨击。43题所处段落中说，这种抄袭的情况是最轻的一种，是可以饶恕的，所以[D]选项最贴切。

　　[答案] 41.F 42.A 43.D 44.C 45.E