2024届高考英语二轮词法专题讲座素材：19 英语五种基本句型
英语词法专题讲座十九：英语五种基本句型
基本句型一： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
基本句型二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋谓＋表）
基本句型三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
基本句型四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
基本句型五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补
句型1： Subject (主语) ＋ Verb (谓语)
此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思，这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，动词后不可以直接接宾语，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如：
1. The sun was shining. 太阳在照耀着。
2. The moon rose. 月亮升起了。
3. The universe remains. 宇宙长存。
4. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。
5. Who cares? 管它呢？
6. What he said does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。
7. They talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。
8. The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔书写流利。
Ｓ Ｖ
（不及物动词）
1. Time
2. The moon
3. The man
4. We all
5. Everybody
6. I
7. They
8. He
9.He
10.They flies.
rose.
cooked.
eat, and drink.
laughed?
woke.
talked for half an hour.
walked yesterday.
is playing.
have gone.
句型2：Subject (主语) ＋ Link. V(系动词) ＋ Predicate(表语)
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词，这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类：
(1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如：
1) This kind of food tastes delicious. 这种食物吃起来很可口。
2) He looked worried just now. 刚才他看上去有些焦急。
3) Several players lay flat on the playground. 几个队员平躺在操场上。
4) We should remain modest and prudent any time.我们在任何时候都应该保持谦虚谨慎。
5) This kind of food tastes terrible. 这种食物吃起来很糟糕。
6) The picture looks more beautiful at a certain distance.这幅画在一定的距离看更漂亮一些。
(2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如：
1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer. 春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。
2) The tree has grown much taller than before. 这棵树比以前长得高多了。
3)Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer. 春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。
4) Don't have the food. It has gone bad. 不要吃那种食物，已经变质了。
5)The facts prove true. 事实证明是正确的。
Ｓ Ｖ（是系动词） Ｐ(表语)
1. This
2. The dinner
3. He
4. Everything
5. He
6. The book
7. The weather
8. His face
is
smells(闻)
fell
looks
is
is
became
turned
an English dictionary.
good.
happy.
different.
tall and strong.
interesting.
warmer.
red.
句型3：Subject(主语) ＋ Verb (谓语) ＋ Object (宾语)
这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。例：
1) He took his bag and left.（名词） 他拿着书包离开了。
2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)
当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。
3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）
她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。
4) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句) 我不知道下一步该干什么
5)You can put the books in your bag. 你可以把书放在书包里。
6) Farmers in our area grow lots of vegetables. 我们这里的农民种很多种蔬菜。
7) She lost the chance to make her appearance on the stage.她失去了在舞台上露面的机会。
8) I prefer to make web pages.我更喜欢做网页。
Ｓ Ｖ（实义动词） Ｏ(宾语)
1. Who
2. She
3. He
8. He
5. They
6. Danny
7. I
4. He knows
laugh at
understands
made
ate
likes
want
said the answer?
her.
English.
cakes.
some apples.
donuts.
to have a cup of tea.
"Good morning."
句型4： Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋ Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语)
此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如：
1)
Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.
Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.
她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。
2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.
The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.
老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。
3)Yesterday her father bought her a bicycle as a birthday present.
昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物。
4）The old man is telling the children stories in the Long March.
老人正在给孩子们讲长征中的故事。
这种句型还可转换为其他两种句型：1)动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ for sb.； 2)动词 ＋ 宾语＋to sb.
Please show me your picture. =Please show your picture to me.
请把你的画给我看一下。
I'll offer you a good chance as long as you don t lose heart.
=I'll offer a good chance for you as long as you don't lose heart.
只要你不失去信心，我会给你提供机会的。
Ｓ
Ｖ（及物）
ｏ（多指人）
Ｏ（多指物）
1. She
2. She
3. He
4. He
5. I
6. I
7. I
8. He
passed
cooked
brought
bought
showed
gave
told
showed
him
her husband
you
her
him
him
me
a new dress.
a delicious meal.
a dictionary.
nothing.
my pictures.
a hand.
how to run the machine.
that the bus was late.
句型5： Subject(主语)＋Verb (动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语)
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。这种句型中的“宾语＋补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。如：
1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。（形容词）
2) We made him our monitor. (名词)我们选他当班长。
3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。
4) My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball. (现在分词)
5) Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans. (过去分词)
6) Keep the children quiet, please. 请让孩子们安静下来。
7) He painted the wall white. 他把墙漆成白色。
8) We found him an honest person. 我们发现他是一个诚实的人。
9) His mother told him not to play on the street. 他母亲告诉他不要在街上玩。
注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如：
6) The boss made him do the work all day. 老板让他整天做那项工作。
7) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.
昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上。
Ｓ
Ｖ（及物）
Ｏ（宾语）
Ｃ（宾补）
1. We
2. They
3. They
4. They
5. What
6. We
7. He
8. I
keep
painted
call
found
makes
saw
asked
saw
the table
the door
supper
the house
him
him
me
them
clean.
green.
dinner.
dirty.
sad?
out.
tocome back soon.
getting on the bus.
There be 句型
此句型是由 there + be + 主语 + 状语构成，用以表达存在有，一种无主语的有。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语。Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如，
现在有
there is/are …
过去有
there was/were…
将来有
there will be…/there is /are going to be...
现在已经有
there has/have been…
可能有
there might be...
肯定有
there must be …/there must have been...
过去一直有
there used to be …
似乎有
there seems/seem/seemed to be …
碰巧有
there happen/happens/happened to be …
此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive, 等。
英语词法专题讲座十九：英语五种基本句型
基本句型一： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
基本句型二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋谓＋表）
基本句型三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
基本句型四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
基本句型五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补
句型1： Subject (主语) ＋ Verb (谓语)
此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思，这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，动词后不可以直接接宾语，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如：
1. The sun was shining. 太阳在照耀着。
2. The moon rose. 月亮升起了。
3. The universe remains. 宇宙长存。
4. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。
5. Who cares? 管它呢？
6. What he said does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。
7. They talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。
8. The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔书写流利。
Ｓ Ｖ
（不及物动词）
1. Time
2. The moon
3. The man
4. We all
5. Everybody
6. I
7. They
8. He
9.He
10.They flies.
rose.
cooked.
eat, and drink.
laughed?
woke.
talked for half an hour.
walked yesterday.
is playing.
have gone.
句型2：Subject (主语) ＋ Link. V(系动词) ＋ Predicate(表语)
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词，这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类：
(1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如：
1) This kind of food tastes delicious. 这种食物吃起来很可口。
2) He looked worried just now. 刚才他看上去有些焦急。
3) Several players lay flat on the playground. 几个队员平躺在操场上。
4) We should remain modest and prudent any time.我们在任何时候都应该保持谦虚谨慎。
5) This kind of food tastes terrible. 这种食物吃起来很糟糕。
6) The picture looks more beautiful at a certain distance.这幅画在一定的距离看更漂亮一些。
(2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如：
1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer. 春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。
2) The tree has grown much taller than before. 这棵树比以前长得高多了。
3)Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer. 春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。
4) Don't have the food. It has gone bad. 不要吃那种食物，已经变质了。
5)The facts prove true. 事实证明是正确的。
Ｓ Ｖ（是系动词） Ｐ(表语)
1. This
2. The dinner
3. He
4. Everything
5. He
6. The book
7. The weather
8. His face
is
smells(闻)
fell
looks
is
is
became
turned
an English dictionary.
good.
happy.
different.
tall and strong.
interesting.
warmer.
red.
句型3：Subject(主语) ＋ Verb (谓语) ＋ Object (宾语)
这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。例：
1) He took his bag and left.（名词） 他拿着书包离开了。
2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)
当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。
3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）
她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。
4) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句) 我不知道下一步该干什么
5)You can put the books in your bag. 你可以把书放在书包里。
6) Farmers in our area grow lots of vegetables. 我们这里的农民种很多种蔬菜。
7) She lost the chance to make her appearance on the stage.她失去了在舞台上露面的机会。
8) I prefer to make web pages.我更喜欢做网页。
Ｓ Ｖ（实义动词） Ｏ(宾语)
1. Who
2. She
3. He
8. He
5. They
6. Danny
7. I
4. He knows
laugh at
understands
made
ate
likes
want
said the answer?
her.
English.
cakes.
some apples.
donuts.
to have a cup of tea.
"Good morning."
句型4： Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋ Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语)
此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如：
1)
Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.
Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.
她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。
2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.
The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.
老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。
3)Yesterday her father bought her a bicycle as a birthday present.
昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物。
4）The old man is telling the children stories in the Long March.
老人正在给孩子们讲长征中的故事。
这种句型还可转换为其他两种句型：1)动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ for sb.； 2)动词 ＋ 宾语＋to sb.
Please show me your picture. =Please show your picture to me.
请把你的画给我看一下。
I'll offer you a good chance as long as you don t lose heart.
=I'll offer a good chance for you as long as you don't lose heart.
只要你不失去信心，我会给你提供机会的。
Ｓ
Ｖ（及物）
ｏ（多指人）
Ｏ（多指物）
1. She
2. She
3. He
4. He
5. I
6. I
7. I
8. He
passed
cooked
brought
bought
showed
gave
told
showed
him
her husband
you
her
him
him
me
a new dress.
a delicious meal.
a dictionary.
nothing.
my pictures.
a hand.
how to run the machine.
that the bus was late.
句型5： Subject(主语)＋Verb (动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语)
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。这种句型中的“宾语＋补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。如：
1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。（形容词）
2) We made him our monitor. (名词)我们选他当班长。
3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。
4) My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball. (现在分词)
5) Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans. (过去分词)
6) Keep the children quiet, please. 请让孩子们安静下来。
7) He painted the wall white. 他把墙漆成白色。
8) We found him an honest person. 我们发现他是一个诚实的人。
9) His mother told him not to play on the street. 他母亲告诉他不要在街上玩。
注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如：
6) The boss made him do the work all day. 老板让他整天做那项工作。
7) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.
昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上。
Ｓ
Ｖ（及物）
Ｏ（宾语）
Ｃ（宾补）
1. We
2. They
3. They
4. They
5. What
6. We
7. He
8. I
keep
painted
call
found
makes
saw
asked
saw
the table
the door
supper
the house
him
him
me
them
clean.
green.
dinner.
dirty.
sad?
out.
tocome back soon.
getting on the bus.
There be 句型
此句型是由 there + be + 主语 + 状语构成，用以表达存在有，一种无主语的有。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语。Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如，
现在有
there is/are …
过去有
there was/were…
将来有
there will be…/there is /are going to be...
现在已经有
there has/have been…
可能有
there might be...
肯定有
there must be …/there must have been...
过去一直有
there used to be …
似乎有
there seems/seem/seemed to be …
碰巧有
there happen/happens/happened to be …
此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive, 等。
