2024届高考英语二轮复习专题基础训练：7 词义猜测题
词义猜测题
A
(2024·北京东城期末检测)
The extraordinary Eastgate Building in Harare,Zimbabwe’s capital city,is said to be the only one in the world to use the same cooling and heating principles as the termite mound(白蚁丘).
Architect Mick Pearce used precisely the same strategy when designing the Eastgate Building,which has no air-conditioning and almost no heating.The building—the country’s largest commercial and shopping complex—uses less than 10% of the energy of a conventional building of its size.The Eastgate’s owners saved $3.5 million on a $36 million building because an air-conditioning plant didn’t have to be imported.
The complex is actually two buildings linked by bridges across a shady,glass-roofed atrium(天井) open to the air.Fans suck fresh air in from the atrium,blow it upstairs through hollow spaces under the floors and from there into each office through baseboard vents(出口).As it rises and warms,it is drawn out via ceiling vents and finally exists through forty-eight brick chimneys.
During summer’s cool nights,big fans blow air through the building seven times an hour to cool the empty floors.By day,smaller fans blow two changes of air an hour through the building to circulate the air which has been in contact with the cool floors.For winter days,there are small heaters in the vents.
This is all possible only because Harare is 1,600 feet above sea level,has cloudless skies,little dampness and rapid temperature swings—days as warm as 31℃ commonly drop to 14℃ at night.“You couldn’t do this in New York,with its fantastically hot summers and fantastically cold winters,” Pearce said.
The engineering firm of Ove Arup & Partners monitors daily temperatures.It is found that the temperature of the building has generally stayed between 23℃ and 25℃,with the exception of the annual hot period just before the summer rains in October and three days in November,when a doorkeeper accidentally switched off the fans at night.And the air is fresh—far more so than in air-conditioned buildings,where up to 30% of the air is recycled.
1.Why was Eastgate cheaper to be built than a conventional building?
A.It was designed in a smaller size.
B.No air conditioners were fixed in.
C.Its heating system was less advanced.
D.It used rather different building materials.
2.What does “it” refer to in Paragraph 3?
A.Fresh air from outside.
B.Heat in the building.
C.Hollow space.
D.Baseboard vent.
3.Why would a building like Eastgate NOT work efficiently in New York?
A.New York has fewer clear skies than Harare.
B.Its dampness affects the circulation of air.
C.New York covers a larger area than Harare.
D.Its temperature changes seasonally rather than daily.
4.The data in the last paragraph suggests Eastgate’s temperature control system .
A.allows a wide range of temperatures
B.functions well for most of the year
C.can recycle up to 30% of the air
D.works better in hot seasons
B
(2024·石家庄质检二)
Sir John,a British scientist who won last year’s Nobel Prize for Medicine,said he had predicted at the time of his frog experiments that the successful cloning of a mammal would happen within 50 years,and that “maybe the same answer is appropriate” for the step to human cloning.Parents who lose children in accidents may be able to clone “copies” to replace them then.
Although any attempt to clone an entire human would raise complex moral issues,the biologist claimed people would soon overcome their concerns if the technique became medically useful.Cloning was regarded with extreme doubts when it was first developed but became widely accepted after the birth of Louise Brown,the first “test tube baby”.He said,“When my first frog experiment was done,an American reporter asked how long it will be before these things can be done in mammals or humans.I said,‘Well,it could be anywhere between 10 years and 100 years—how about 50 years?’It turned out that it wasn’t far off the mark as far as Dolly was concerned.Maybe the same answer is appropriate.”Sir John added that cloning a human being effectively means making an identical twin,and doctors would therefore simply be “copying what nature has already produced”.
The average vote on allowing parents of deceased children,who are no longer fertile(能生育的),to create another using the mother’s eggs and skin cells from the first child,thinking the technique was safe and effective,is 60 percent in favor.The reasons for “no” are usually that the new child would feel they were some sort of a replacement for something.
1.Sir John predicted the human cloning would be a reality in at most.
A.100 years B.60 years
C.50 years D.10 years
2.According to the text,which statement is NOT true?
A.Louise Brown is the first “test tube baby”.
B.Human cloning is still a controversial topic.
C.Sir John is positive about the future of human cloning.
D.Human cloning is creating something that didn’t exist before.
3.The underlined word “identical” probably means “ ”.
A.same B.special
C.new D.clear
4.What does the text mainly talk about?
A.The life of Sir John.
B.Prediction on human cloning.
C.Views on human cloning.
D.Achievements in human cloning.
C
(2024·成都二诊)
Psychologists have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision,choosing a university to attend,for example,involves the use of a decision worksheet.Psychologists who study optimization(最优化) compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are.Supporters of the worksheet procedure believe that it will bring about the best decisions.Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take,they are all similar in their essential aspects.Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem.Next,the considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed,and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined.Each consideration is assigned a numerical(数字的) value to reflect its related importance.A decision is then mathematically calculated by adding these values together.The choice with the highest number of points comes as the best decision.
Since most important problems are multifaceted(多方面的),there are several alternatives to choose from,each with unique advantages and disadvantages.One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables(可变因素) than their minds can generally comprehend and remember.On average,people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once.A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships.A realistic example for many college students is the question “What will I do after graduation?”A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training,pursue an advanced degree,or travel abroad for a year.
A decision-making worksheet begins with a statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it.It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals,because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones.Focusing on long-range goals,a graduating student might revise the question above to “What will I do after graduation that will lead to a successful career?”
1.In Paragraph 1,the author develops the discussion by means of .
A.describing a process
B.classifying types of worksheets
C.providing historical background
D.explaining a theory
2.Which of the following steps occurs before the others when making a decision worksheet?
A.Deciding which consequences are the most important.
B.Calculating a numerical summary of each solution.
C.Listing the consequences of each solution.
D.Writing down all possible solutions.
3.According to decision-worksheet theory,the best choice is defined as the one .
A.that has the most points assigned to it
B.that uses the most decision worksheets
C.that has the fewest variables to consider
D.that is agreed to by the greatest number of people
4.The underlined word “revise” is closest in meaning to “ ”.
A.ask B.explain
C.change D.predict
##
A
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了津巴布韦哈拉雷(Harare)的东门大厦(Eastgate Building)采用了不同于常规的冷却和供热系统。
1.B 细节理解题。根据第二段的最后一句可以判断出,这座大厦没有安装空调设备,这使它比常规的建筑便宜。故答案为B项。
2.A 代词指代题。根据第三段中的“Fans suck fresh air in from the atrium,blow it upstairs through hollow spaces under the floors and from there into each office through baseboard vents(出口).”可以判断出,这里的it指的是“来自外边的空气”。故答案为A项。
3.D 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的内容可知,在纽约夏天特别热,冬天特别冷,而不像哈拉雷那样一天中的气温转变很快,所以这个系统不适合在纽约使用。故答案为D项。
4.B 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“the temperature of the building has generally stayed between 23℃ and 25℃...And the air is fresh”可以判断出,这座大厦安装的系统在全年的大部分时间里运行良好。故答案为B项。
B
【语篇导读】诺贝尔医学奖得主——英国科学家约翰称,那些在事故中失去子女的父母将能在未来50年内借助克隆技术,让他们的子女“重生”。
1.C 细节理解题。依据文章第一段可知,约翰表示,未来50年内,克隆技术将可以成功应用于人类。故选C项。
2.D 细节理解题。依据第二段中的“after the birth of Louise Brown,the first ‘test tube baby’”排除A项;文章最后一段说明克隆人类赞成者占6成,依旧存在争议,故排除B项;第二段Sir John的话表明,他对克隆人类充满了希望,故排除C项;第二段的最后一句说明克隆技术只能克隆已经存在的人。故选D项。
3.A 词义猜测题。依据第二段中的“doctors would therefore simply be ‘copying what nature has already produced’”可知,医生只是复制已经存在的人,故选A项。
4.B 主旨大意题。作者在文中讲述了去年获得诺贝尔医学奖的英国科学家对克隆人类的前景的预测。故选B项。
C
【语篇导读】本文主要讨论了有益于做重要决定的决策工作表。
1.A 推理判断题。第一段先介绍了决策工作表,然后陈述了决策工作表的制订过程,因此选A项。
2.D 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem.Next...”可知,制订决策工作表的第一步是定义问题并列举所有解决问题的办法,应选D项。
3.A 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Each consideration is assigned a numerical(数字的)...comes as the best decision.”可知,把所有这些数值相加就能以数学方法来衡量一个决定,得分最高的决定就是最佳决定。
4.C 词义猜测题。根据上文中的because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones可知,如果侧重于长期目标,即将毕业的学生可能会修改上述问题,从而做出不同的决定,因此该词意思为“改变,修改”。
词义猜测题
A
(2024·北京东城期末检测)
The extraordinary Eastgate Building in Harare,Zimbabwe’s capital city,is said to be the only one in the world to use the same cooling and heating principles as the termite mound(白蚁丘).
Architect Mick Pearce used precisely the same strategy when designing the Eastgate Building,which has no air-conditioning and almost no heating.The building—the country’s largest commercial and shopping complex—uses less than 10% of the energy of a conventional building of its size.The Eastgate’s owners saved $3.5 million on a $36 million building because an air-conditioning plant didn’t have to be imported.
The complex is actually two buildings linked by bridges across a shady,glass-roofed atrium(天井) open to the air.Fans suck fresh air in from the atrium,blow it upstairs through hollow spaces under the floors and from there into each office through baseboard vents(出口).As it rises and warms,it is drawn out via ceiling vents and finally exists through forty-eight brick chimneys.
During summer’s cool nights,big fans blow air through the building seven times an hour to cool the empty floors.By day,smaller fans blow two changes of air an hour through the building to circulate the air which has been in contact with the cool floors.For winter days,there are small heaters in the vents.
This is all possible only because Harare is 1,600 feet above sea level,has cloudless skies,little dampness and rapid temperature swings—days as warm as 31℃ commonly drop to 14℃ at night.“You couldn’t do this in New York,with its fantastically hot summers and fantastically cold winters,” Pearce said.
The engineering firm of Ove Arup & Partners monitors daily temperatures.It is found that the temperature of the building has generally stayed between 23℃ and 25℃,with the exception of the annual hot period just before the summer rains in October and three days in November,when a doorkeeper accidentally switched off the fans at night.And the air is fresh—far more so than in air-conditioned buildings,where up to 30% of the air is recycled.
1.Why was Eastgate cheaper to be built than a conventional building?
A.It was designed in a smaller size.
B.No air conditioners were fixed in.
C.Its heating system was less advanced.
D.It used rather different building materials.
2.What does “it” refer to in Paragraph 3?
A.Fresh air from outside.
B.Heat in the building.
C.Hollow space.
D.Baseboard vent.
3.Why would a building like Eastgate NOT work efficiently in New York?
A.New York has fewer clear skies than Harare.
B.Its dampness affects the circulation of air.
C.New York covers a larger area than Harare.
D.Its temperature changes seasonally rather than daily.
4.The data in the last paragraph suggests Eastgate’s temperature control system .
A.allows a wide range of temperatures
B.functions well for most of the year
C.can recycle up to 30% of the air
D.works better in hot seasons
B
(2024·石家庄质检二)
Sir John,a British scientist who won last year’s Nobel Prize for Medicine,said he had predicted at the time of his frog experiments that the successful cloning of a mammal would happen within 50 years,and that “maybe the same answer is appropriate” for the step to human cloning.Parents who lose children in accidents may be able to clone “copies” to replace them then.
Although any attempt to clone an entire human would raise complex moral issues,the biologist claimed people would soon overcome their concerns if the technique became medically useful.Cloning was regarded with extreme doubts when it was first developed but became widely accepted after the birth of Louise Brown,the first “test tube baby”.He said,“When my first frog experiment was done,an American reporter asked how long it will be before these things can be done in mammals or humans.I said,‘Well,it could be anywhere between 10 years and 100 years—how about 50 years?’It turned out that it wasn’t far off the mark as far as Dolly was concerned.Maybe the same answer is appropriate.”Sir John added that cloning a human being effectively means making an identical twin,and doctors would therefore simply be “copying what nature has already produced”.
The average vote on allowing parents of deceased children,who are no longer fertile(能生育的),to create another using the mother’s eggs and skin cells from the first child,thinking the technique was safe and effective,is 60 percent in favor.The reasons for “no” are usually that the new child would feel they were some sort of a replacement for something.
1.Sir John predicted the human cloning would be a reality in at most.
A.100 years B.60 years
C.50 years D.10 years
2.According to the text,which statement is NOT true?
A.Louise Brown is the first “test tube baby”.
B.Human cloning is still a controversial topic.
C.Sir John is positive about the future of human cloning.
D.Human cloning is creating something that didn’t exist before.
3.The underlined word “identical” probably means “ ”.
A.same B.special
C.new D.clear
4.What does the text mainly talk about?
A.The life of Sir John.
B.Prediction on human cloning.
C.Views on human cloning.
D.Achievements in human cloning.
C
(2024·成都二诊)
Psychologists have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision,choosing a university to attend,for example,involves the use of a decision worksheet.Psychologists who study optimization(最优化) compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are.Supporters of the worksheet procedure believe that it will bring about the best decisions.Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take,they are all similar in their essential aspects.Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem.Next,the considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed,and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined.Each consideration is assigned a numerical(数字的) value to reflect its related importance.A decision is then mathematically calculated by adding these values together.The choice with the highest number of points comes as the best decision.
Since most important problems are multifaceted(多方面的),there are several alternatives to choose from,each with unique advantages and disadvantages.One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables(可变因素) than their minds can generally comprehend and remember.On average,people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once.A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships.A realistic example for many college students is the question “What will I do after graduation?”A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training,pursue an advanced degree,or travel abroad for a year.
A decision-making worksheet begins with a statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it.It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals,because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones.Focusing on long-range goals,a graduating student might revise the question above to “What will I do after graduation that will lead to a successful career?”
1.In Paragraph 1,the author develops the discussion by means of .
A.describing a process
B.classifying types of worksheets
C.providing historical background
D.explaining a theory
2.Which of the following steps occurs before the others when making a decision worksheet?
A.Deciding which consequences are the most important.
B.Calculating a numerical summary of each solution.
C.Listing the consequences of each solution.
D.Writing down all possible solutions.
3.According to decision-worksheet theory,the best choice is defined as the one .
A.that has the most points assigned to it
B.that uses the most decision worksheets
C.that has the fewest variables to consider
D.that is agreed to by the greatest number of people
4.The underlined word “revise” is closest in meaning to “ ”.
A.ask B.explain
C.change D.predict
##
A
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了津巴布韦哈拉雷(Harare)的东门大厦(Eastgate Building)采用了不同于常规的冷却和供热系统。
1.B 细节理解题。根据第二段的最后一句可以判断出,这座大厦没有安装空调设备,这使它比常规的建筑便宜。故答案为B项。
2.A 代词指代题。根据第三段中的“Fans suck fresh air in from the atrium,blow it upstairs through hollow spaces under the floors and from there into each office through baseboard vents(出口).”可以判断出,这里的it指的是“来自外边的空气”。故答案为A项。
3.D 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的内容可知,在纽约夏天特别热,冬天特别冷,而不像哈拉雷那样一天中的气温转变很快,所以这个系统不适合在纽约使用。故答案为D项。
4.B 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“the temperature of the building has generally stayed between 23℃ and 25℃...And the air is fresh”可以判断出,这座大厦安装的系统在全年的大部分时间里运行良好。故答案为B项。
B
【语篇导读】诺贝尔医学奖得主——英国科学家约翰称,那些在事故中失去子女的父母将能在未来50年内借助克隆技术,让他们的子女“重生”。
1.C 细节理解题。依据文章第一段可知,约翰表示,未来50年内,克隆技术将可以成功应用于人类。故选C项。
2.D 细节理解题。依据第二段中的“after the birth of Louise Brown,the first ‘test tube baby’”排除A项;文章最后一段说明克隆人类赞成者占6成,依旧存在争议,故排除B项;第二段Sir John的话表明,他对克隆人类充满了希望,故排除C项;第二段的最后一句说明克隆技术只能克隆已经存在的人。故选D项。
3.A 词义猜测题。依据第二段中的“doctors would therefore simply be ‘copying what nature has already produced’”可知,医生只是复制已经存在的人,故选A项。
4.B 主旨大意题。作者在文中讲述了去年获得诺贝尔医学奖的英国科学家对克隆人类的前景的预测。故选B项。
C
【语篇导读】本文主要讨论了有益于做重要决定的决策工作表。
1.A 推理判断题。第一段先介绍了决策工作表,然后陈述了决策工作表的制订过程,因此选A项。
2.D 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem.Next...”可知,制订决策工作表的第一步是定义问题并列举所有解决问题的办法,应选D项。
3.A 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Each consideration is assigned a numerical(数字的)...comes as the best decision.”可知,把所有这些数值相加就能以数学方法来衡量一个决定,得分最高的决定就是最佳决定。
4.C 词义猜测题。根据上文中的because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones可知,如果侧重于长期目标,即将毕业的学生可能会修改上述问题,从而做出不同的决定,因此该词意思为“改变,修改”。
