2024高考英语备考复习：动词的时态和语态
时态和语态 一般 进行 完成 完成进行
现在 write, writes am/is/are writing have/has written have/has been writing
过去 wrote was/were writing had written had been writing
将来 shall/will write shall/will be writing shall/will have written shall/will have been writing
过去将来 should/would write should/would be writing should/would have written should/would have been writing
（1）
①表示客观事实或普通真理（）Water ______
(boil) at 100oC.
②表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually 等连用。
Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which _____ the Pacific, and we met no storm.
A. was called
B. is called
C. had been called
D. has been called
③表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see, hear, smelltaste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。All the students here ____(belong) to No.1 Middle School.
④现在时态表示将来时A. 用现在时表示将来时往往出现在下列状语从句中：if, unless, even if等引导的条件状语从句；when, before, after, once, until, till, as soon as(the moment, immediately)等引导的时间状语从句；no matter what/who/which/when/where/how或whatever/whoever/whichever/whenever/ wherever /however引导的让步状语从句。（有时也但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。If you _______( accept) my invitation and come to our party, my family _____________( please).
When you _________( finish) the report, I will ______( wait) for about 3 hours.
B. 少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、open、close、end、stop,run等常用一般现在时代替将来时，The next train____________( leave) at 3 o'clock this afternoon.
表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，固定不变或不易变的动作或状态,只用一般现在时。
Tomorrow_________(be) Wednesday.
C. 倒装句，，有时表将来， There ______(go) the bell. = The bell _______( ring).
D. hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
Make sure that the windows _____________(close) before you___________( leave) the room tomorrow.
（2）一般过去时
① 一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型，本身表示的 就是过去时；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。
I _________(think) the film _________( be) interesting, but it ___________________(be not).
② 有时可代替一般现在时，表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。
I __________(want) to ask you if I could borrow your car?
③ 表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute The moment she___(come) in, she ___(tell) me what ___ (happen) to her.
④ 非真实的动作或状态，属虚拟的语气范畴
It’s time we______(go).
⑤ ： Why didn’t you / I think of that?
I didn’t notice it.
I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.
I didn’t recognize him.
注意事项：A) 注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组，如：yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等，绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用，因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系，应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。
B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别：你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例：used not to do, usedn’t
to do, didn't use to do都对。
used to do…和would +动词原形 表示过去经常发生或反复发生的动作。used to do一般只表示过去情况，现在不这样；而would do则现在情况不明，常和when 引导的时间状语连用，would一般不能be动词连用。
used to do经常与 be used to doing sth/ sth结构进行对比。前者表示"过去常常或过去曾经"，要求加动词原形；后者表示"习惯于"，要求加名词或动名词。
C) 当主句是过去将来时，从句用一般过去时表过去将来时。
He said he ________(go) for a holiday when he finished his work.
一
般
将
来
时 将
来 某个时刻（或某段时间内）将来要发生的动作，更多地用于带有条件从句的主句中 He ____( come) next week.
I’ll ask her as soon as she _______(come).
状态 Your dress ______(be) ready soon.
现
在 预测现在某事可能要发生了 It’s eleven o’clock.
Mary will be in bed by now.
现在的习惯 A lion will never attack an elephant.
现在的需要 Shall I help you ?
对将来的事情现在作出决定 —Which shirt do you want ?—I___( take) the blue one, please.
①will / shall + 动词（tomorrow、next week等）
②表示一种趋向或习惯动作。We_________(die) without air or water.
③有些动词，：arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay，，，
My mother ________(come) to visit me next week and ___________(stay) here until May.
（，5月。）
④be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：
A B C D
be going to 表示“计划、打算、安排将要做的事”时，主语只能是人 说话人说话之前已考虑过的, 主语是物时，表示说话人根据某种迹象主观推测可能发生的事 不能用于含有条件句的主句中
will/shall 表示将要发生某事或主语的“意愿” 说话人说话时刻才考虑到的, 表示客观规律必然发生的 可用于含有条件句的主句或从句中表示“意愿”
be to 表示安排、计划要做的事 与第二人称连用，表示转述第三者的话 表示命令，相当于should / must 表示“能”、“该”、“想要”、“注定、不可避免”
be about to do sth
；句中不能再加at once, immediately和表示具体时间的词语；常有“be about to…..when”结构；
If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.()
‘The phone is ringing,’ ‘I _________(answer) it ’ .
Next year you _______( be) 17 years old.
If you _________(listen) to me, I_________( tell) you a story.
Autumn harvest_______________________(start).
"be to do"的5种用法： a) “按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。
She ______________( see) in the lab on Monday.（You_________(go) to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests ______________( arrive) in less than 5 minutes.
c) 能或不能发生的事情（can, may）征求意见。 Who _________( go) there? 谁该去那儿呢？
I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience. A. will be attended
B. will be attended to
C. is attended
D. is attended to
e) 用于条件从句“如果……想，”（if ……want to,或if ……should） Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ____ avoided. A) is to be B) can be C) will be D) has been
④ “正要、将要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。
I was on the point of _______ (telephone) him when his letter ___________(arrive).
注意事项☆.现在时态表示将来时
I hope his health ______________( improve) by the time you_________( come) back next year.
（4）
1. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。
We _____________( wait) for you now.
2. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
Mr. Green ________( write) another novel. (说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
3. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin
The leaves _________(turn) red.
4. 与always、often,always, often, forever, constantly
等频度副词连用，，
You _____ always ____________(change) your mind.
5.表近期特定的安排或计划；表示来、去、开始、终结、离开、到达等意义的瞬间动词的进行体表示即将发生的动作。At six I ______(bathe) the baby.
②下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。1) 事实状态的动词。如：have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue, appear, depend on
2) 表示心理状态、情感的动词。如：know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, like, hate, mind,
wish.
3) ：accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.
4) ：seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn
5)
5）过去进行时
A) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。Mary ______( listen) to light music 10 minutes ago.
B) 表示过去某阶段在进行的暂时性习惯动作。He is a doctor, but at that time he _____(work) in a laboratory.
C) 表示过去将要发生的动作，但只限于一些表示起始和移动意义的动词。
I had thought that he __________(come) to see me the next day, but he didn’t
D) 表示过去打算实现，但没有实现的动作。I _______( come), but my car broke down.
E) 表示刚才的情况。--Can you give me the right answer?
--Sorry, I___________(not listen). Would you please repeat that question?
F) 描写故事的背景。One day, we ________(walk) along a road, which ______(go) around the foot of the hill. Suddenly, we _______(see) a little girl __________(run) quickly towards us.
(6) 将来进行时(will be doing)
强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。
Don't worry, you ___(not miss) her. She _____( wear) a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.
（7）现在完成时
A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。I bought a new house, but I ____ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.
A) didn't sell B) sold C) haven't sold D) would sell
B) 表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for加一段时间，或by加一个现在时间。
Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ____ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.
A) are to challenge B) have been challenged
C) may be challenged D) are challenging
C) 表示发生在过去，但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。通常用点动词，如：arrive, begin, find, give, lose, fall, come, leave, start, buy, sell, hear, join等。表示动作在过去完成，构成主语的经历。
I ___________(have)
the gift for ten years.
*瞬间动作的肯定式一般不可与表示一段时间的状语一起用于现在完成时。瞬间动词的否定式可以与表示一段时间状语一起用于现在完成时。He has come here for two days. (改错)
D) 在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来完成的动作。（表示这一动作先于另一动作）
I will lend the book to you when I _________( finish) reading it.
E) 表示一段时间内重复性习惯性动作。I __________(get)up early all my life.
包括“现在”在内或截止到“现在”的时间状语才能与现在完成时连用。He __________( work) in that hospital for 8 years. Now he ________(teach)
B) 因为含有for加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时，，My sister _______________(marry) for 5 years.
C) 在时间或条件状语从句中，Don’t get off the bus until it _____( stop).
D) 现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks), in recent years, so far, up to now, recently, lately, already, yet,;
有表示频率的时间状语一般用完成时态如：ever, never; 表示到目前为止多少次或第几次干某事。
He _______(be) to Beijing several times.
E)It（This/That）is the first(second…) time that...
It（This/That）is the first(second…) that...
It（This/That）is the only…that…
It（This/That）is the best(biggest…) that…
主句用一般现在时或一般将来时，从句用现在完成时；主句用一般过去时，从句用过去完成时。
It is the first time that I_____( see) so much money.
It was the second time that I _________(hurt) by his words.
现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较 -- Hi, Tracy, you look tired.
“--- I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.
A. painted
B. had painted
C. have been painting
D. have painted
（8）过去完成时
表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的：表示"过去的过去的动作或状态"。①常用过去完成时的几种情况：（A）在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。
By the end of last year, we ______( produce) 20,000 cars. The train _____(leave) before we reached the station.
(B) 表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/though / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned … + to have done
（C）“ + before”在句子中作状语，；“ + ago”在句中作状语，
He said his first teacher ____
(die) at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua____
(leave) school 3 years ago.
（D）“一……就”的几个句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had +
+ 过去分词 + when / than / before + 一般过去时.
We ____no sooner ______(seat) than the bus ____(start). = No sooner ____ we ____( seat) than the bus____(start).
②若句子中含有 before, after, as soon as, until 等连词引导的时间状语从句，通常可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。After he _________(leave) the room, the boss _______(come) in.
过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓”）形式则只用一般过去时即可。
(9)将来完成时(will have done)
表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态，或是发生在某个将来时间，但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样。其用法从和过去及现在有关，变成了和将来及将来的将来有关。The conference ______ a full week by the time it ends.
