2024届高三英语语法要点细讲(高考题+模拟) 专题02 动词的时态及语态
专题02
动词的时态及语态
【考纲解读】
动词的时态和语态历来是高考题中考查的重头戏之一。测试重点放在根据特定语言环境区别使用一般过去时和现在完成时;一般现在时(过去时)与现在(过去)进行时;及物动词的被动用法;特定的时间状语中时态的使用;结合所获得的语言知识确定正确时态的能力等。综上所述,动词的时态和语态在高考测试中的地位非常重要。因而考生在复习备考中必须对本专题引起足够的重视。
【知识要点】
动词的时态
一、一般现在时的用法
1.经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。
时间状语: every...,sometimes,on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
我每天早上七点离家去学校。
2.客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.地球围着太阳转。
Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中国的东方。
3.表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥伦布证明地球是圆的。
4.现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup.现在我往杯子里放糖。
I am doing my homework now.我在做作业。
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。
二、一般过去时的用法
1.在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有:yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?
刚才你去哪儿了?
2.表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a child,I often played football in the street.
我小的时候,经常在街上踢足球。
3.句型:
It is time for sb.to do sth.“到……时间了”“该……了”
It is time sb.did sth.“时间已迟了”“早该……了”
It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。
would (had)rather sb.did sth.表示“宁愿某人做某事”
4.wish,wonder,think,hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较:
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life.她已不在人间。
Christine has been an invalid all her life.她现在还活着。
Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。
Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去。
注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend 等。
Did you want anything else?您还要点别的吗?
情态动词 could,would
Could you lend me your bike?能借用一下你的自行车吗?
5.used to/be used to
1)used to+do:“过去常常”表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful.母亲以前没有这么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk.Scart过去常常散步。
2)be used to+doing: 对……已感到习惯,或“习惯于”,to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。
Scarf is used to taking a walk.Scart现在习惯于散步。
三、一般将来时
1.shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。
will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。
Which paragraph shall I read first?我应该先读哪一段?
2.be going to+不定式,表示将来。
1)主语的意图,即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?明天你打算干什么?
2)计划,安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month.这部戏预计要下个月拍。
3)有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds,there is going to be a storm.看那乌云,要来暴风雨了。
4)be+不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们打算下周六讨论这个报告。
5)be about to+不定式,意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.他正打算动身去北京。
注意:be about to 不能与tomorrow,next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
3.be going to/will
用于条件句时, be going to表将来 will表意愿
If you are going to make a journey,you’d better get ready for it as soon as possible.
如果你打算去旅行,最好尽快准备好。
Now if you will take off your clothes,we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
如果你愿意脱下身上穿的衣服,我们就可以在镜子前给你试穿一下新衣服。
4.be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排)
I’m going to play football tomorrow afternoon.(主观安排)
5.一般现在时表将来
1)下列动词:come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明早六点发车。
2)倒装句,表示动作正在进行
Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming.车来了。
There goes the bell.=The bell is ringing.铃响了。
3)在时间或条件句中。
When Bill comes (不是will come),ask him to wait for me.比尔来了后,让他等我。
I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive there.我一到那儿就给你写信。
4)在动词hope,take care that,make sure that等后边。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
离开房间前一定要确保窗户都关上了。
6.用现在进行时表示将来
意为:“意图”“打算”“安排”常用于人。常用词为 come,go,start,arrive,leave,stay等。
I’m leaving tomorrow.我打算明天动身。
Are you staying here till next week? 你打算在这儿住到下周吗?
四、现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成: have (has)+过去分词。
1.比较过去时与现在完成时
1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live,teach,learn,work,study,know。过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,get married等。
I saw this film yesterday.我昨天看了这部电影。(强调看的动作发生过了。)
I have seen this film.这部电影我看过了。(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)
She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday.她昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years.(是团员的状态可持续)
句子中如有过去时的时间副词如 yesterday,last,week,in 1960时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
2.用于现在完成时的句型
1)It is the first/second time....that...结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.这是我第一次参观这座城市。
2)This is the...that...结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。
This is the best film that I’ve (ever)seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the first time (that)I’ve heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
(错)I have received his letter for a month.
(对)I haven’t received his letter for almost a month.
3.比较since和for
since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我在这儿住了20多年了。
I have lived here since I was born.我自出生就住在这儿。
I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.我好久没收到叔叔的信了。
注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. 我在这里工作过20多年。(我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.我在这里工作了多年了。(现在我仍在这里工作。)
小窍门:当现在完成时+一段时间,这一结构中,我们用下面的公式转化,很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误用。
汤姆学习俄语有3年了。
(对)Tom has studied Russian for three years.
=Tom began to study Russian three years ago,and is still studying it now.
Harry结婚6年了。
(错)Harry has got married for six years.
=Harry began to get married six years ago,and is still getting married now.
显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.或Harry has been married for six years.
4.since的四种用法
1) since+过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980,last month,half past six)。
I have been here since 1989.我自1989年就在这儿。
2)since+一段时间+ago
I have been here since five months ago.自五个月前我就一直在这儿。
3)since+从句
Great changes have taken place since you left.自从你走后发生了很大的变化。
4)It is+一段时间+since从句
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
自从我考上研究生已有两年了。
5.延续动词与瞬间动词
1) 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。
He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
I’ve known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2)用于till/until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句,表示“做……直到……” 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示“到……,才……”。
He didn’t come back until ten o’clock.他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o’clock.他一直睡到10点。
五、过去完成时
1.概念:表示过去的过去
其构成是had+过去分词构成。
2.用法
1)在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句中。
She said (that)she had never been to Paris.她说她从来没去过巴黎。
2) 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。When the police arrived,the thieves had run away.等到警察来的时候,贼早已经跑了。
3)表示意向的动词,如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等,用过去完成时表示“原本……,未能……”。
We had hoped that you would come,but you didn’t.我们原本希望你能来,但你却没来。
3.过去完成时的时间状语
before,by,until ,when,after,once,as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.他说他以前学过英语。
By the time he was twelve,Edison had began to make a living by himself.
等到爱迪生12岁那年,他早已学会自我谋生了。
注意:hardly...when …… 就…… no sooner...than 刚…… 就……
4.用一般过去时代替完成时
1)两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。When she saw the mouse,she screamed.看到老鼠,她尖叫了起来。
2)两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。When I heard the news,I was very excited.听到这个消息时,我非常激动。
3)叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.老师告诉过我们哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。
六、将来完成时
1.构成will have done sth.
2.概念
1)状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。
2)动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或已获得的经验。
They will have been married for 20 years by then.到那时他们结婚就20年了。
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.明天这个时候你就到了上海了。
七、现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法: