2024届高三英语语法要点细讲(高考题+模拟) 专题02 动词的时态及语态

雕龙文库 分享 时间: 收藏本文

2024届高三英语语法要点细讲(高考题+模拟) 专题02 动词的时态及语态

  专题02

  动词的时态及语态

  【考纲解读】

  动词的时态和语态历来是高考题中考查的重头戏之一。测试重点放在根据特定语言环境区别使用一般过去时和现在完成时;一般现在时(过去时)与现在(过去)进行时;及物动词的被动用法;特定的时间状语中时态的使用;结合所获得的语言知识确定正确时态的能力等。综上所述,动词的时态和语态在高考测试中的地位非常重要。因而考生在复习备考中必须对本专题引起足够的重视。

  【知识要点】

  动词的时态

  一、一般现在时的用法

  1.经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。

  时间状语: every...,sometimes,on Sunday

  I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

  我每天早上七点离家去学校。

  2.客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。

  The earth moves around the sun.地球围着太阳转。

  Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中国的东方。

  3.表示格言或警句中。

  Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。

  注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

  Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥伦布证明地球是圆的。

  4.现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。

  比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup.现在我往杯子里放糖。

  I am doing my homework now.我在做作业。

  第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。

  二、一般过去时的用法

  1.在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。

  时间状语有:yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982等。

  Where did you go just now?

  刚才你去哪儿了?

  2.表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。

  When I was a child,I often played football in the street.

  我小的时候,经常在街上踢足球。

  3.句型:

  It is time for sb.to do sth.“到……时间了”“该……了”

  It is time sb.did sth.“时间已迟了”“早该……了”

  It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。

  It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。

  would (had)rather sb.did sth.表示“宁愿某人做某事”

  4.wish,wonder,think,hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。

  I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。

  比较:

  一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。

  Christine was an invalid all her life.她已不在人间。

  Christine has been an invalid all her life.她现在还活着。

  Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.

  达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。

  Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.

  现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去。

  注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。

  动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend 等。

  Did you want anything else?您还要点别的吗?

  情态动词 could,would

  Could you lend me your bike?能借用一下你的自行车吗?

  5.used to/be used to

  1)used to+do:“过去常常”表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。

  Mother used not to be so forgetful.母亲以前没有这么健忘。

  Scarf used to take a walk.Scart过去常常散步。

  2)be used to+doing: 对……已感到习惯,或“习惯于”,to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。

  Scarf is used to taking a walk.Scart现在习惯于散步。

  三、一般将来时

  1.shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。

  will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。

  Which paragraph shall I read first?我应该先读哪一段?

  2.be going to+不定式,表示将来。

  1)主语的意图,即将做某事。

  What are you going to do tomorrow?明天你打算干什么?

  2)计划,安排要发生的事。

  The play is going to be produced next month.这部戏预计要下个月拍。

  3)有迹象要发生的事

  Look at the dark clouds,there is going to be a storm.看那乌云,要来暴风雨了。

  4)be+不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。

  We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们打算下周六讨论这个报告。

  5)be about to+不定式,意为马上做某事。

  He is about to leave for Beijing.他正打算动身去北京。

  注意:be about to 不能与tomorrow,next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

  3.be going to/will

  用于条件句时, be going to表将来 will表意愿

  If you are going to make a journey,you’d better get ready for it as soon as possible.

  如果你打算去旅行,最好尽快准备好。

  Now if you will take off your clothes,we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.

  如果你愿意脱下身上穿的衣服,我们就可以在镜子前给你试穿一下新衣服。

  4.be to和be going to

  be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。

  be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。

  I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排)

  I’m going to play football tomorrow afternoon.(主观安排)

  5.一般现在时表将来

  1)下列动词:come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。

  The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明早六点发车。

  2)倒装句,表示动作正在进行

  Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming.车来了。

  There goes the bell.=The bell is ringing.铃响了。

  3)在时间或条件句中。

  When Bill comes (不是will come),ask him to wait for me.比尔来了后,让他等我。

  I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive there.我一到那儿就给你写信。

  4)在动词hope,take care that,make sure that等后边。

  Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.

  离开房间前一定要确保窗户都关上了。

  6.用现在进行时表示将来

  意为:“意图”“打算”“安排”常用于人。常用词为 come,go,start,arrive,leave,stay等。

  I’m leaving tomorrow.我打算明天动身。

  Are you staying here till next week? 你打算在这儿住到下周吗?

  四、现在完成时

  现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成: have (has)+过去分词。

  1.比较过去时与现在完成时

  1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。 

  2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。

  3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live,teach,learn,work,study,know。过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,get married等。

  I saw this film yesterday.我昨天看了这部电影。(强调看的动作发生过了。)

  I have seen this film.这部电影我看过了。(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)

  She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。

  She returned yesterday.她昨天回来了。

  He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续)

  He has been a League member for three years.(是团员的状态可持续)

  句子中如有过去时的时间副词如 yesterday,last,week,in 1960时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。

  (错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.

  (对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

  2.用于现在完成时的句型

  1)It is the first/second time....that...结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。

  It is the first time that I have visited the city.这是我第一次参观这座城市。

  2)This is the...that...结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。

  This is the best film that I’ve (ever)seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。

  This is the first time (that)I’ve heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。

  注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。

  (错)I have received his letter for a month.

  (对)I haven’t received his letter for almost a month.

  3.比较since和for

  since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。

  I have lived here for more than twenty years.我在这儿住了20多年了。

  I have lived here since I was born.我自出生就住在这儿。

  I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.我好久没收到叔叔的信了。

  注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。

  I worked here for more than twenty years. 我在这里工作过20多年。(我现在已不在这里工作。)

  I have worked here for many years.我在这里工作了多年了。(现在我仍在这里工作。)

  小窍门:当现在完成时+一段时间,这一结构中,我们用下面的公式转化,很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误用。

  汤姆学习俄语有3年了。

  (对)Tom has studied Russian for three years.

  =Tom began to study Russian three years ago,and is still studying it now.

  Harry结婚6年了。

  (错)Harry has got married for six years.

  =Harry began to get married six years ago,and is still getting married now.

  显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.或Harry has been married for six years.

  4.since的四种用法

  1) since+过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980,last month,half past six)。

  I have been here since 1989.我自1989年就在这儿。

  2)since+一段时间+ago

  I have been here since five months ago.自五个月前我就一直在这儿。

  3)since+从句

  Great changes have taken place since you left.自从你走后发生了很大的变化。

  4)It is+一段时间+since从句

  It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.

  自从我考上研究生已有两年了。

  5.延续动词与瞬间动词

  1) 用于完成时的区别

  延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。

  He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)

  I’ve known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)

  2)用于till/until从句的差异

  延续动词用于肯定句,表示“做……直到……” 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示“到……,才……”。

  He didn’t come back until ten o’clock.他到10 点才回来。

  He slept until ten o’clock.他一直睡到10点。

  五、过去完成时

  1.概念:表示过去的过去

  其构成是had+过去分词构成。

  2.用法

  1)在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句中。

  She said (that)she had never been to Paris.她说她从来没去过巴黎。

  2) 状语从句

  在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。When the police arrived,the thieves had run away.等到警察来的时候,贼早已经跑了。

  3)表示意向的动词,如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等,用过去完成时表示“原本……,未能……”。

  We had hoped that you would come,but you didn’t.我们原本希望你能来,但你却没来。

  3.过去完成时的时间状语

  before,by,until ,when,after,once,as soon as。

  He said that he had learned some English before.他说他以前学过英语。

  By the time he was twelve,Edison had began to make a living by himself.

  等到爱迪生12岁那年,他早已学会自我谋生了。

  注意:hardly...when …… 就…… no sooner...than 刚…… 就……

  4.用一般过去时代替完成时

  1)两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。When she saw the mouse,she screamed.看到老鼠,她尖叫了起来。

  2)两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。When I heard the news,I was very excited.听到这个消息时,我非常激动。

  3)叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。

  Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.老师告诉过我们哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。

  六、将来完成时

  1.构成will have done sth.

  2.概念

  1)状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。

  2)动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或已获得的经验。

  They will have been married for 20 years by then.到那时他们结婚就20年了。

  You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.明天这个时候你就到了上海了。

  七、现在进行时

  现在进行时的基本用法: