2024届高三英语语法要点细讲(高考题+模拟) 专题06 非谓语动词

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2024届高三英语语法要点细讲(高考题+模拟) 专题06 非谓语动词

  专题06

  非谓语动词

  【考纲解读】

  非谓语动词是历年来的考查重点之一,因为它们结构复杂,功能繁多,也是考生难于掌握的语法点, 2024年的高考题中考查共有33题之多。考查重点主要有不定式的完成式、被动式、进行式、否定结构及省略形式;不定式和分词作后置定语的区别;只能接动名词的动词和接动名词、不定式有区别的动词的用法;动名词的被动用法及分词作为定语、状语、宾补的用法。尤其是作状语的用法,在非谓语动词的考题中占的比例最大;其次是非谓语动词作补语和宾语的用法,也占一定的比例。不管怎么考,基本上离不开非谓语动词的基本用法,只是题干的设置注重了句子结构的复杂化和语境化。所以做非谓语动词题不仅要理清句子的结构,还要理解句子的意思。毋庸置疑,来年高考中,非谓语动词定是一个考查热点。

  【知识要点】

  定义:在英语中,不作句子谓语,而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词。分类:非谓语动词有动词不定式(the Infinitive);动名词(the Gerund);现在分词(the Present Participle);过去分词(the Past Participle)

  一、动词不定式

  不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“not to+动词原形”。不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语,但不能单独作谓语。

  1.不定式的时态及语态

  时态 主动 被动 意义 例句 语态

  一般 to do to be done 与谓语动词同时发生或以后发生 I’m glad to see you. 当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式须用被动形式。如:He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.

  This book is said to have been translated into many languages.

  进行 to be doing

  表示谓语的动作(情况)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行 He pretended to be reading a book when I came in.

  完成 to have done to have been done 先于谓语动作发生 We seem to have met each other before.

  完成进行 to have been doing

  先于谓语动作发生而又延续到谓语动作发生后 He is said to have been studying abroad,but I don’t know which country he is studying in.

  2.不定式的句法功能

  1)作主语:

  To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.在十分钟内完成这项工作很难。

  动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,例如上面一句可用如下形式:

  It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.

  2)作表语:

  Her job is to clean the hall.她的工作就是打扫大厅。

  3)作宾语:

  常与不定式作宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer,afford,ask,decide,expect,intend,等。

  如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,如:

  Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.

  马克思认为研究俄国的形势很重要。

  动词不定式在介词but后面时,如果介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么这些介词后的不定式不带to;否则就要带to。另外在can’t choose but和can’t help but等后面的不定式也省略to。如:

  I have no choice but to stay here.我别无选择只有待在这儿。

  动词不定式作动词tell,show,understand,explain,teach,learn,advise,discuss等词的宾语时,前面常带疑问词。即:疑问词(how,when,where,what,who)...+to do。如:

  He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 他给了我们一些就如何学英语的建议。 

  4)作宾语补足语:

  动词不定式作动词feel,hear,see,watch,notice,observe等感官动词以及have,let,make等使役动词后面的宾语补足语时,不定式符号to要省略。但如果这些句子变成被动结构时,就必须带to符号。如:

  I saw him cross the road.我看到他过了街道。

  He was seen to cross the road.他被看到过了街道。

  5)作定语:

  作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。如:

  There is nothing to worry about.没有什么可担心的。

  如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词:

  He has no place to live.他没有住的地方。

  This is the best way to work out this problem.这是解决这个问题的最好的办法。

  动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:

  当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可以用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。试比较:

  Have you got anything to send 

  (你有什么东西要寄吗?——不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”)

  Have you got anything to be sent 

  (你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?——不定式to be sent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”)用不定式作定语的几种情况

  不定式表将来

  I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.我借了几本书在假期里读。

  用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词。如:

  He was the best man to do the job.他是做这项工作的最佳人选。

  She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.

  她是在奥运会上获得金牌的第一个女人。

  用于修饰的词是抽象名词时,常见的有:ability,chance,idea,fact,excuse,promise,answer,reply,attempt,belief,way,reason,moment,time等。如:

  Do you have the ability to read and write English 你具备读、写英语的能力吗?

  6)作状语

  表目的

  He worked day and night to get the money.为了挣钱,他日日夜夜的工作。

  注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:

  为了省钱,能用的方法都用上了。

  (×)To save money, every means has been tried.

  (√)To save money, he has tried every means.

  表结果

  He arrived late to find the train gone.他来晚了,结果发现火车开走了。

  常用only放在不定式前表示强调:

  I visited him only to find him out.我来拜访他,结果发现他出去了。

  表原因

  They were very sad to hear the news.听到这个消息他们非常伤心。

  表程度

  It’s too dark for us to see anything.天太黑了,我们什么也看不清。

  The question is simple for him to answer.这道问题对他来说太容易回答了。

  作独立成分

  To tell you the truth, I don’t like the way he talked.

  说实话,我不喜欢他说话的方式。

  3.不定式符号to的保留问题

  有时为了避免重复,可以用to来代替前面的不定式,这种情况常出现在下列动词后:expect,hope,wish,mean,prefer,care,forget,want,try以及be glad/happy;would like/love等后面。如:

  I haven’t been to Hong Kong,but I wish to. 我没去过香港,但我想去。

  —I didn’t tell him the news. 我没有告诉他那消息。

  —Oh,you ought to have.你应该告诉他的。

  4.动词不定式的几种特殊结构

  1)for sb.to do 还是of sb.to do 

  “for+逻辑主语+不定式”结构称为不定式复合结构,介词可用for或of。当形式主语句型中的表语是形容词,来描述不定式动作时,逻辑主语之前使用for;当它描述不定式的逻辑主语,说明其品质、特征或属性时,要用of,常见形容词有good,nice,clever,wise,foolish,stupid,honest,kind,polite,careful,cruel,brave,crazy等。

  2)too ... to结构

  在英语中,“too+adj./adv.+to do sth.”结构表示否定意义,意为“太……而不能……”。

  也可用so...that句型来表示,但that从句必须用否定形式。如:

  You’re too young to understand such things.你太小了,还不能理解那些事情。

  =You’re so yong that you can’t understand such things.

  注意:在下列场合下,too... to结构表示肯定意义:

  某些形容词与too...to 连用表示肯定意义,too相当于very much。这些形容词多是表示心情的词和描述性的形容词。如:ready,glad,pleased,surprised,delighted,happy,easy,eager,thankful,anxious,willing,good,kind,true等。 

  在too前加上only,but,all,simply或just时,too...to结构表示肯定意义。如:

  I’m only too glad to meet you here again.再次见到你我太高兴了。

  二、动名词

  动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。

  1.动名词的形式:

  否定式:not+动名词

  1)一般式:

  Seeing is believing.眼见为实。

  2)被动式:

  He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。

  3)完成式:

  We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。

  4)完成被动式:

  He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.

  他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。

  5)否定式:not+动名词

  I regret not following his advice.我后悔没听他的劝告。

  6)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+动名词

  He suggested our trying it once again.他建议我们再试一次。

  His not knowing English troubled him a lot.他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。

  2.动名词的句法功能:

  1)作主语:

  Reading aloud is very helpful.朗读是很有好处的。

  Collecting stamps is interesting.集邮很有趣。

  当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。

  It’s no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。

  2)作表语:

  In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs.在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。

  3)作宾语:

  They haven’t finished building the dam.他们还没有建好大坝。

  We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我们必须阻止空气被污染。

  注意:动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,如:

  We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。

  要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:

  enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承认),deny, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒险), appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent...(from),keep ...from, stop...(from),protect...from, set about, be engaged in, spend...(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like

  4)作定语:

  He can’t walk without a walkingstick.他没有拐杖不能走路。

  Is there a swimming pool in your school?你们学校有游泳池吗?

  5)作同位语:

  The cave, his hidingplace is secret.那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。

  His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.

  他收听收音机资讯节目的习惯仍未改变。

  三、现在分词

  现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。

  1.现在分词的形式

  否定式:not+现在分词

  1)现在分词的主动语态:

  现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。如:

  They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。

  Having done his homework, he played basketball.做完作业,他开始打篮球。

  2)现在分词的被动语态:

  一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。

  The problem being discussed is very important.正在被讨论的问题很重要。

  Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.

  被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。

  2.现在分词的句法功能:

  1)作定语:

  现在分词作定语,当分词单独作定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语作定语放在名词后。

  In the following years he worked even harder.

  在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了。

  The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor’s father.

  正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。

  现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:

  in the following years 也可用in the years that followed;

  the man speaking to the teacher

  可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.

  2)现在分词作表语:

  The film being shown in the cinema is exciting.正在这家上演的电影很棒。

  The present situation is inspiring.当前的形势鼓舞人心。

  be+doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词作表语,它们的区别在于be+doing表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。

  3)作宾语补足语:

  如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。如:

  Can you hear her singing the song in the next room?你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?

  He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。

  4)现在分词作状语 

  作时间状语

  (While)Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.

  在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。