2024年山东省高考英语二轮复习:专题整合突破一 名词、冠词和主谓一致
2024年高考第二轮复习英语山东版
一、名词、冠词和主谓一致
真题试做
1.(2024山东高考,24)My first ______ of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.
A.expression
B.attention
C.satisfaction
D.impression
2.(2011山东高考,21) Take your time —it's just ______ short distance from here to ______ restaurant.
A.不填;the
B.a;the
C.the;a
D.不填;a
3.(2011山东高考,34)There's a ______ in our office that when it's somebody's birthday,they bring in a cake for us all to share.
A.tradition
B.balance
C.concern
D.relationship
4.(2010山东高考,22)If we sit near ______ front of the bus,we'll have ______ better view.
A.不填;the
B.不填;a
C.the; a
D.the;the
5.(2010山东高考,33)Those who suffer from headache will find they get ______ from this medicine.
A.relief
B.safety
C.defense
D.shelter
6.(2009山东高考,25)The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities ______ rising steadily since 1990.
A.is
B.are
C.has been
D.have been
考向分析
1.名词不仅是中学英语的基本词汇,也是历年高考的“常客”。高考对名词的考查往往集中在名词词义辨析、抽象名词具体化、名词作定语及名词的固定搭配等方面。
2.冠词的题目几乎每年都有一道,而且往往设两个空,以增加覆盖面和难度。高考对冠词的考查主要包括定冠词与不定冠词的区别、名词前省略冠词的场合、特指与泛指的区分以及习语中冠词的用法等,特别是有些题目暗含特指的意义,需要根据语境仔细体会。
3.主谓一致主要考查一些基本句型的用法。注意掌握主谓一致的三个原则,尤其是主语部分比较复杂时,要明确哪部分是真正的主语。
热点例析
考点一:名词词义辨析
同义词、近义词甚至是形近词有着不同的含义和适用场合,要特别注意在特定语境中准确运用词汇和语法知识的能力。平时要努力扩大词汇量,做题时要深入理解语境,整体把握,结合句意作出最佳选择。
【典例分析】 (2024江苏高考,21)—Can I help you with it?
—I appreciate your ______,but I can manage it myself.
A.advice B.question
C.offer
D.idea
答案为C项。advice意为“建议”;question意为“问题”;offer意为“提供,提议”;idea意为“想法,主意”。根据语境看出“我可以帮忙吗?”是对方主动的提议,所以选C项。
考点二:抽象名词具体化
抽象名词是表示状态、品质、情感等而没有实物的名词。抽象名词具体化后变成可数名词,前面可加不定冠词,用来强调其具体表现形式或表示某一次短暂的动作,常意为“一次……的事情;一个……的人;一种……的东西”。如:
difficulty 困难→a difficulty 一件难事
surprise 惊讶→a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事
pleasure 愉快→a pleasure 一件乐事
failure 失败→a failure 一位失败者;一件失败的事
success 成功→a success 一位成功者;一件成功的事
【典例分析】 (2024山东高考,29)Being able to afford ______ drink would be ______ comfort in those tough times.
A.the;the
B.a;a
C.a;不填
D.不填;a
答案为B项。句意:在那艰苦的岁月里能够买得起一杯饮料将会是一种安慰。drink在此句中表泛指,指“一杯或一种饮料”;comfort作“安慰,舒适”讲时,为不可数名词,但在此用a comfort表示“一件令人安慰的事物”,comfort为可数名词。故选B项。
考点三:名词作定语
名词作定语一般用单数形式,如a mountain village,stone houses;但man和woman作定语时要随着所修饰的名词的数的变化而变化。如:a woman doctor,two women doctors。
【典例分析】 There are more ______ teachers than ______ teachers in our school.
A.man;woman
B.woman;men
C.man;women
D.men;women
答案为D项。名词作定语时一般用单数形式,但man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时,也应用复数形式的men和women。
考点四:名词的所有格
1.以“s”结尾的复数名词所有格只加“'”。如:
the teachers' readingroom/ten minutes' walk
2.复数为特殊变化的复数名词后加“'s”。如:
Women's Day/the Children's Palace
3.名词并列时,所有格的形式不同,其含义不同。如:
Tom and Bob's desk 汤姆和鲍勃的桌子(共有)
Tom's and Bob's desks汤姆的桌子和鲍勃的桌子(不共有)
4.双重所有格。
(1)当of短语所修饰的名词前有表示数量的词,如a/two/some/any/no等时,表示所有关系的of后加名词所有格或名词性物主代词。如:
a friend of my brother's/his
我弟弟的/他的一个朋友
several students of Mr.Smith's/mine
史密斯先生的/我的几个学生
(2)当of短语所修饰的名词前有一个指示代词表示一定感情色彩时,of后也用名词所有格或名词性物主代词。如:
That little son of Xiao Li's/yours is really lovely.
小李的/你的那个小儿子真可爱。
This invention of the professor's/his is of great importance.
教授的/他的这项发明很重要。
【典例分析】 The ______ shoes were covered with mud,so I asked them to take them off before they got into ______ car.
A.girl's;Tom's
B.girls';Toms'
C.girls';Tom's
D.girl's;Toms'
答案为C项。根据题干后半部分的them可知第一个空应用复数的所有格girls';第二个空用Tom's表示“汤姆的”。
考点五:冠词的基本用法
特指 泛指
表示类别 表示“一个(些)”
可数名词单数 the book a book a book
可数名词复数 the books books some/any books
不可数名词 the sugar sugar some/any sugar
【典例分析】 (2024全国高考,7)He missed ______ gold in the high jump,but will get ______ second chance in the long jump.
A.the;the
B.不填;a
C.the;a
D.a;不填
答案为C项。第一个空应选定冠词特指跳高的金牌;第二个空表示“又一次机会”,不表示特指,应用不定冠词a。故选C项。
考点六:冠词的省略
1.东、西方都有的节日名称前不用冠词,如:New Year's Day,Christmas,National Day,Army Day等;但中国的节日一般用定冠词,如:the Spring Festival,the MidAutumn Festival等。
2.月份、日期前一般不用冠词,如:in October,on March 8等。
3.三餐名词前不用冠词,如:have breakfast/lunch/dinner等。
但有定语修饰时需加冠词,如:have a big breakfast,have a wonderful lunch等。
4.表示体育运动的名词前不用冠词,如:play football/cards/chess等;但乐器名词前需加定冠词,如:play the violin/the piano等。
5.表示职位、头衔的名词作补足语、同位语时不用冠词。如:
He was elected chairman.
Mr. Wang,headmaster of our school,went to Japan last week.
6.一些习惯短语不用冠词。如:at night,at first,by bus,go to bed,at table等。
【典例分析】 (2024重庆高考,24)Sam has been appointed ______ manager of the engineering department to take ______ place of George.
A./;/
B.the;/
C.the;the
D./;the
答案为D项。英语中表示头衔、职位的名词用作补足语或同位语时前面不加冠词,该题manager在句中作主语补足语,所以第一个空不用冠词;take the place of为固定短语,意为“代替”。句意:萨姆已被委任为工程部的经理来代替乔治。
考点七:习语中的冠词
1.有些习语中习惯用不定冠词。如:on an average,as a whole,in a hurry,make an effort,make an apology,pay a visit to等。
2.有些习语中习惯用定冠词。如:by the hour,in the distance,by the way,catch/pull/take sb.by the hand,pat/hit sb.on the head/in the face等。
3.有些习语中习惯不用冠词。如:in use,in trouble,at noon,day and night,shoulder to shoulder,at war,on duty,in fact,in order,under repair,have trouble/difficulty in doing sth.等。
4.有些习语中有无冠词意义完全不同。如:
【典例分析】 (2024课标全国高考,22)Sarah looked at ______ finished painting with ______ satisfaction.
A.不填;a
B.a;the
C.the;不填
D.the;a
答案为C项。第一个空应用定冠词,特指“完成的那幅画”;第二个空不用冠词,with satisfaction为固定短语,意为“满意地”。
考点八:主谓一致
主谓一致有语法一致、意义一致和就近一致三个基本原则。
1.单数名词、不可数名词、不定式、动名词或从句作主语时,谓语要用单数。复数名词作主语时,谓语要用复数。如:
Much milk is offered to him.
Reading aloud is very important in learning English.
To nod one's head means agreement.
What they said is true.
2.and和both...and...连接并列主语时,谓语用复数。or,either...or...,neither...nor...,not only...but also...,not...but...连接并列主语时,谓语和靠近的主语一致。如:
Tom and Peter are both from America.
Both bread and butter were served for breakfast in this hotel.
Either you or I am going to answer the question.
Not only he but also his parents have been to New York.
3.当主语后跟with,along with,together with,including,but,except加另一名词或代词时,谓语应与前面的主语保持一致。如:
Tom together with his parents is going to New York.
Many teachers,including Mr.Wang,have been to Beijing.
4.不定代词和疑问代词作主语时,一般视作单数。all,most,half等作主语时,若指不可数的东西,谓语动词用单数;若指可数的东西,谓语动词则用复数。如:
Either of the shirts fits me very well.
Someone strange is asking to see you.
Who is on duty today?
Most of the people are against the plan.
Most of the earth's surface is covered with water.
5.集体名词people,cattle,police等一般作复数。family,class,team,army,government,public等作为整体看待时为单数,看作组成的成员时为复数。单复数同形的sheep,deer,means等作主语时,要根据意义确定谓语的单、复数。如:
People here are all fond of football.
Men's clothing is sold in this shop.
His family has just moved to Beijing.
Hearing the news,the whole family were very happy.
Every means has been tried.
All means have been tried.
6.“many a + 单数名词”和“more than one + 单数名词”作主语时,谓语用单数。如:
Many a student has seen the film.
More than one person knows the secret.
7.and连接的主语分别被each,every,no等所修饰时,谓语用单数。如:
Each man and each woman has a chance to be raised in our company.
8.“分数或百分数 + of + 名词”和“the rest of /the majority of + 名词”等构成的短语作主语时,谓语动词的单复数要与名词的单复数保持一致。如:
Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.
Sixty percent of the students in our school are girls.
9.时间、重量、距离、金钱等复数名词作主语时,谓语通常用单数。如:
Ten years is quite a long time.
10.“the + 形容词”作主语,表示一类人时谓语用复数。如:
The rich live a happy life,while the poor live a hard life.
【典例分析】 (2024湖南高考,35)All the scientific evidence ______ that increasing use of chemicals in farming ______ damaging our health.
A.show;are
B.shows;are
C.show;is
D.shows;is
答案为D项。第一个空的主语为不可数名词evidence,谓语动词要用单数shows;第二个空的主语为use,谓语动词也要用单数形式。句意:所有的科学证据都表明农业中化学品日益增长的使用正损害我们的身体健康。故D项正确。
误区警示
1.名词“熟词生义”易错点
(2024福建高考,25)—Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?
—Well,you know,English is my ______.So it is my best choice.
A.strength
B.talent
C.ability
D.skill
【错混透析】A strength意为“力气,力量”,还可引申为“长处,强项”,符合句意。句意:——你为什么选择在一家国际旅行社工作?——哦,你知道,英语是我的强项。因此这是我的最佳选择。talent 意为“天赋”;ability意为“能力”;skill意为“技能”。如果不能根据具体的语境灵活理解词义,很难作出正确选择。
【解题指导】
在高考试题中,有一种“熟词生义”题型,即题目中所填的词是考生所熟悉的,但所考查的含义却是不常见的。这就要求考生在掌握单词基本意义的基础上,善于结合不同的语境去体会、感悟单词的新义。
2.表泛指与特指时冠词使用的易错点
(2024四川高考,18)We are said to be living in______Information Age,______time of new discoveries and great changes.
A.an;the
B.不填;the
C.不填;a
D.the;a
【错混透析】D 第一个空应用the对Information Age进行特指,指的是信息时代;第二个空应用a表示泛指,a time of...意为“一个……的时代”。句意:据说我们生活在信息时代,一个拥有新的发现和巨大变化的时代。该题第一个空易误选不定冠词,第二个空易误选零冠词。