2024年山东省高考英语二轮复习:专题整合突破二 代词和数词
2024年高考第二轮复习英语山东版
二、代词和数词
真题试做
1.(2024山东高考,21))When you are done with the book, just give it to Lucy or Helen or ______.
A.whoever
B.wherever
C.whatever
D.however
2.(2011山东高考,24)The two girls are so alike that strangers find ______ difficult to tell one from the other.
A.it
B.them
C.her
D.that
3.(2010山东高考,32)Helping others is a habit,______ you can learn even at an early age.
A.it
B.that
C.what
D.one
考向分析
1.对代词的考查重在代词的指代作用。高考试题的题干越来越复杂、语意越来越难理解,隐含信息多,需要结合特定语言环境中上下文的联系,通过题目所蕴含的逻辑关系来明确代词的指代范围。
2.不定代词的用法是考查的重点之一。要注意否定意义的不定代词和肯定意义的不定代词的区别;要明确表示整体意义和个体意义的代词的不同。
3.it,that,those,one,ones等几个替代词的应用是近几年命题的热点。要从替代可数名词还是不可数名词、单数还是复数、特指还是泛指等几个方面着手考虑,结合语境作出正确选择。
4.it可以表示时间、天气、距离等,还可用作形式主语或形式宾语。
5.注意由数词构成的合成形容词的构成方式及其作用。同时,倍数在比较句型中的应用偶有出现,不可忽视。
热点例析
考点一:人称代词的用法
人称代词有人称、数和格的不同。主格在句中作主语或表语;宾格在句中作宾语,但在口语中也能作表语。在省略句中单独使用或在not 后,多用宾格。如:
—I like English.
—Me too.
—Have more wine?
—Not me.
【典例分析】 (2010四川高考,7)On my desk is a photo that my father took of ______ when I was a baby.
A.himB.his
C.me
D.mine
答案为C项。根据短语take a photo / picture of sb.以及后面从句的主语可知,应选C项。
考点二:both,all,either,each,every,neither,none的用法
1.both,either,neither 用于两者。both意为“两者都”;either意为“两者中的任何一个”;neither意为“两者中的任何一个都不”。 如:
Both the boys are clever.两个男孩都很聪明。
Either of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都很聪明。
Neither of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都不聪明。
2.all,none,each,every用于多者。all意为“全部都”,指可数的东西时为复数,指不可数的东西时为单数;none意为“全都不,任何一个都不”,指可数的东西时可为单数或复数,指不可数的东西时为单数;each和every意为“每一个”,为单数,两者都能作定语用,但each还可作主语、宾语和同位语。
All of the students are there.
All (of) the milk is there.
Every student in our school works hard.
我们学校的学生都很用功。
Each student may have one book.
每个学生都可有一本书。
Each of them has an edictionary./ They each have an edictionary.
【典例分析】 (2024课标全国高考,31)Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him,but______of them wants to,because they have work to do.
A.either B.any
C.neither
D.none
答案为C项。either和neither用于两者,any和none用于三者或三者以上,根据Bill and Peter可知应排除B、D两项;句中but表示转折,所以应选否定意义的C项,表示“但是他们(两人)没有想去的”。
(2024江苏高考,23)Sophia waited for a reply,but ______ came.
A.either
B.another
C.neither
D.none
答案为D项。either和neither用于两者,范围错误;another意为“另一个”,不合句意;答案为D项,none表示“一个也没有”。句意:索菲亚等待着答复,但是没有等到任何答复。
考点三:some和any的用法
1.表示“一些”时,some常用于肯定句;any常用于否定、疑问或条件句中。如:
If you have any questions,please ask me.
2.在疑问句中可用some,表示希望得到对方肯定的回答。如:
Would you like some coffee?
3.some可接单数名词表示“某一个”;any可接单数名词表示“任何一个”。 如:
I remember having read this article in some magazine.
Here are three novels.You may read any.
【典例分析】 Jane was asked a lot of questions,but she didn't answer ______ of them.
A.other
B.any
C.none
D.some
答案为B项。所选的词应与not构成全部否定,四个选项中只有any与not可以构成全部否定,相当于none,故选B项。
考点四:复合不定代词的用法
由some,any,no,every加上body,one,thing构成的不定代词,叫复合不定代词。
1.some构成的不定代词一般用于肯定句,意为“某人或某物,重要的人或事”。如:
Somebody is waiting outside.
I have something for you.
She thinks she's something since she won the prize.
获奖之后,她觉得自己了不起了。
2.any构成的不定代词一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件状语从句中,意为“随便某个人或物,无论什么人或物,什么人或物都可以”。如:
Does anybody else want to go?
There isn't anything in the box.
If anyone wants to go on the trip,register here please!
有时也用于肯定句中表示“任何人或物”。如:
Anybody can work out that simple maths problem.
You can take anything you like.
3.no构成的不定代词意为“没什么人或物”。 如:
I know nothing about it.
There is nobody here.
4.every构成的不定代词意为“一切人或物,每个人或物”。everything还可表示“最重要的人或物”。 如:
Everybody enjoyed themselves on vacation.
She does everything to help her mother.
Her son is everything to her.对她来说儿子就是一切。
【典例分析】 (2024福建高考,22)—Have you figured out how much the trip will cost?
—$4,000,or ______ like that.
A.anything
B.everything
C.something
D.nothing
答案为C项。anything意为“任何事情”;everything“一切事情”;something“某事,某物,大致,左右”;nothing“没有事情,无物”。根据空前的$4,000可知此处应用something表示“不确切的数量”,something like that“大致如此”。
(2011全国高考,11)I got this bicycle for ______:My friend gave it to me when she bought a new one.
A.everything
B.something
C.anything
D.nothing
答案为D项。根据My friend gave it to me可知,我白白得到了这辆自行车,因此用nothing;get sth.for nothing表示“白白得到某物”。
考点五:other,the other,others,the others,another的用法
1.other和the other通常作定语用;others和the others通常作主语、宾语或表语用。如:
He is willing to help others / other people.
2.other和others用作泛指,没有明确的范围;the other和the others为特指,有一定的范围。如:
Twenty of the students in our class have been to Beijing.The other students / The others have not.
3.在句型one...the other...(用于两者)中,the other可用作主语或宾语;在some...others (other...)句型中虽有一定范围,但other(s)前不用冠词。如:
Some of us like football,and others are fond of basketball.
4.another为泛指,与单数名词连用。但another后可跟few或带数字的复数名词,相当于a few或数字加more再加复数名词。如:
We need another five chairs / five more chairs.
【典例分析】 (2010全国高考,23)I'll spend half of my holiday practising English and ______ half learning drawing.
A.another
B.the other
C.other's
D.other
答案为B项。若将事物分为两部分,其中的另一部分需要用the other来表示。题中意思是“用一半的假期时间练习英语,另一半的时间学习画画”。
考点六:不定代词none与no one的用法
1.none意为“一个(点)也没有”,既可指人,也可指物,可对how many和how much的提问作出简略回答。如:
—How much water is there in the bottle?
—None.
2.no one意为“没有人,没有谁”,一般指人,可用来回答who提出的问题。如:
—Who is in the classroom?
—No one.
3.none后常接of介词短语,但no one和nobody一样后面不接of介词短语。如:
None of the students are / is afraid of difficulties.
【典例分析】 (2024江西高考,23)My brother would like to buy a good watch but ______ was available from that shop.
A.nothing
B.none
C.no one
D.neither
答案为B项。句意:我哥哥想买一块好的手表,但那家商店没有一款适合的。nothing表示“什么也没有”;no one只能指代人;题干中没有表明那家商店只有两款手表,所以排除neither;答案为none,表示“一个也没有”。
考点七:it的用法
1.it可用于无人称句,表示自然现象、季节、时间、距离、环境等。如:
It is getting warmer and warmer.
It was already ten o'clock when he arrived home.
It's ten minutes' walk from here to our school.
It's very quiet at the moment.
2.it可代替不定式、动名词或从句作形式主语或形式宾语。如:
It's important for us to learn a second language.
We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.
【典例分析】 ______ is four years since I left my hometown.
A.It
B.There
C.This
D.That
答案为A项。此处应选It表示时间。句意:自从我离开家乡已经4年了。
(2024四川高考,2)New technologies have made______possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost.
A.that
B.this
C.one
D.it
答案为D项。分析句子结构,have made的宾语是to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost,所以应选it作形式宾语。句意:新的技术使得在高效能低成本的前提下生产新的产品成为可能。
考点八:it,that,those,one,ones表示替代的用法
1.it用来代替前面出现的单数可数名词,属于“同名同物”的替代。也可替代前面提到的某种情况或某个动作以避免重复。it还可在take/like/hate/hide/appreciate/depend on等后作形式宾语,代替后面的宾语从句或不定式短语。如:
I lost my pen last week but I found it yesterday.(it代替my pen)
I hate it in summer when it is hot.
2.that用来替代前面出现过的特指的单数可数名词或者特指的不可数名词,相当于“the+单数可数名词/不可数名词”,属于“同类异物”的替代,that后一般有限定成分。如:
The weather in Beijing is as good as that in Tianjin.(that代替the weather,后有介词短语in Tianjin修饰)
“the+单数可数名词”可以用that代替,用the one来代替更为常见。如:
The book is not so interesting as that/the one I bought last week.(that/the one代替the book,后有定语从句 I bought last week修饰)
3.those代替前面出现的可数名词复数以避免重复,且表示特指,后有定语修饰,可与the ones 通用。如:
The houses of the rich are generally larger than those/the ones of the poor.
4.one只能替代前面出现过的可数名词单数,是泛指概念,相当于“a/an+单数可数名词”,属于“同类异物”的替代。如:
I lost my pen yesterday.I will buy one.(one代替a pen)
The film is not so good as the one I saw yesterday.(the one代替the film,后有定语从句I saw yesterday修饰)
5.ones用来代替前面提到的可数名词复数。the ones表示特指,常相当于those。如:
I do not like green apples.I like red ones.(ones代替apples)
【典例分析】 (2024辽宁高考,28)If you're buying today's paper from the stand,could you get______ for me?
A.one
B.such
C.this
D.that
答案为A项。句意:如果你从摊上买今天的报纸,能给我捎一份吗?one用来替代上文提到的可数名词单数a paper(一份报纸),表示泛指。that表示特指,不合题意。
(2024浙江高考,5)Studying Wendy's menu,I found that many of the items are similar to ______ of McDonald's .
A.those
B.ones
C.any
D.all
答案为A项。分析句子结构可知,应选those替代前面出现的复数名词many of the items,而且是特指。
误区警示
1.形式主语和形式宾语的误用
(2024陕西高考,13)No matter where he is,he makes ______ a rule to go for a walk before breakfast.
A.him
B.this
C.that
D.it
【错混透析】D 在动词makes后面,it作形式宾语,to go for a walk before breakfast 是真正的宾语,故选D项。句意:无论在哪儿,他总是习惯在早餐前出去散步。受汉语意思的影响,该题易误选this或that。
【解题指导】 英语中形式主语和形式宾语只能由it充当,不能使用this、that等。
2.不定代词范围判断错误
(2024重庆高考,21)— John,when shall we meet again,Thursday or Friday?
— ______.I'll be off to London then.
A.Either
B.Neither
C.Both
D.None
【错混透析】B 第一句要求对Thursday和Friday进行选择,而第二句中“I'll be off to London then.”清楚地表明了那两天都不行,所以选择neither表示“两者都不”。either表示“(两者之中)任何一个都行”;both表示“两者都”;none表示“(三者及以上)都不”。句意:—约翰,什么时候我们再见面,周四还是周五?—那两天都不行。在那期间我要到伦敦去。如果忽视了Thursday or Friday,该题易误选D项。