2023考研英语阅读纽约人的精神状态
A New York state of mind
纽约人的精神状态
Urban brains behave differently from rural ones
城市人的大脑异于乡村
Shelley contemplates urban decay
沉思城市衰落的雪莱
HELL is a city much like London, opined Percy ByssheShelley in 1819. Modern academics agree. Last year Dutchresearchers showed that city dwellers have a 21% higherrisk of developing anxiety disorders than do their calmerrural countrymen, and a 39% higher risk of developingmood disorders. But exactly how the inner workings of theurban and rural minds cause this difference has remainedobscureuntil now. A study just published in Nature byAndreas Meyer-Lindenberg of the University of Heidelbergand his colleagues has used a scanning technique calledfunctional magnetic-resonance imaging toexamine the brains of city dwellers and country bumpkinswhen they are under stress.
1819 年，波比?雪莱认为伦敦市更像一个地狱。现代学者同意这个观点。荷兰研究人员研究表明，城市居民相对稳定的乡村同胞来说，得焦虑症的概率高出21%，得心理障碍疾病的概率高出39%。但是直到现在，城市思想和乡村思想是如何引起这方面差异的确切原因仍旧是不清楚的。最近海德尔堡大学的学者安德烈亚斯? 迈耶-林登贝格和他的同事在《自然》杂志上发表了一个研究，该研究使用称为机能性磁共振图像的扫描技术测试了在压力下城市居民和乡村居民的大脑活动情况。
In Dr Meyer-Lindenbergs first experiment, participants lying with their heads in a scanner tookmaths tests that they were doomed to fail . To make the experience still more humiliating, the team provided negativefeedback through headphones, all the while checking participants for indications of stress, suchas high blood pressure.
在迈耶-林登贝格博士的第一个实验中，参与者躺着头枕在一个扫描器上接受他们注定要失败的数学测验。为了使这活动更加具有羞辱性，研究人员通过耳机给予参与者消极的回答，并一直检测参与者表现出的压力反应，如高血压。
The urbanites general mental health did not differfrom that of their provincial counterparts. However,their brains dealt with the stress imposed by theexperimenters in different ways. These differenceswere noticeable in two regions: the amygdalas andthe perigenual anterior cingulate cortex . Theamygdalas are a pair of structures, one in eachcerebral hemisphere, that are found deep inside thebrain and are responsible for assessing threats andgenerating the emotion of fear. The pACC is part ofthe cerebral cortex that regulates the amygdalas.
都市人总体的心理健康状况与他们所在地区的其他人没有什么差别。但是，他们应对实验者给予压力的方法不同。这些差别主要在两地地方：杏仁核和扣带皮层部分。杏仁核有一对，大脑左右半球各一个，它在大脑深处，与判断威胁和产生害怕情绪有关。扣带皮层部位是大脑皮层的一部分，它对杏仁核进行调节。
People living in the countryside had the lowest levels of activity in their amygdalas. Those livingin towns had higher levels. City dwellers had the highest. Not that surprising, to those of aShelleyesque disposition. In the case of the pACC, however, what mattered was not wheresomeone was living now, but where he or she was brought up. The more urban a personschildhood, the more active his pACC, regardless of where he was dwelling at the time of theexperiment.
生活在乡村的人杏仁核活动水平最低。生活在城镇的人的杏仁核活动水平高些。城市居民杏仁核活动水平最高。对于雪莱式性情的人，这没有什么奇怪的。然而，在扣带皮层部位情况下，重要的不是一个人现在生活在哪，而是他或他在那长大。不管在实验的时候他住在哪，只要一个人的童年时期生活在城市的时间越长，他的扣带皮层部位就越活跃。
The amygdalas thus seem to respond to the here-and-now whereas the pACC is programmedearly on, and does not react in the same, flexible way as the amygdalas. Second-to-secondchanges in its activity might, though, be expected to be correlated with changes in theamygdalas, because of its role in regulating them. fMRI allows such correlations to bemeasured.
虽然扣带皮层部位控制着杏仁核，但似乎杏仁核是此时此刻的及时回应，扣带皮层部位并没有像杏仁核那样做出相同，柔性的反应。扣带皮层部位接下来每秒钟活动的变化，也许与杏仁核的变化有关，因为扣带皮层部位控制着杏仁核。 fMRI 显示了这样的测量关系。
In the cases of those brought up in the countryside, regardless of where they now live, thecorrelations were as expected. For those brought up in cities, however, these correlations brokedown. The regulatory mechanism of the native urbanite, in other words, seems to be out ofkilter. Further evidence, then, for Shelleys point of view. Moreover, it is also known that thepACC-amygdala link is often out of kilter in schizophrenia, and that schizophrenia is morecommon among city dwellers than country folk. Dr Meyer-Lindenberg is careful not to claim thathis results show the cause of this connection. But they might.
在乡村长大的人，不管他们现在住在那，这种相互关系都是不出所料的。然而对于在城市长大的人来说，这种相互关系已经不存在了。换句话说，土生土长的城市人的调控机制似乎脱离了平衡。这是证明雪莱观点的更近一步的证据。而且，众所周知，在精神分裂症病人中，扣带皮层-杏仁核的联系是脱离平衡的，和乡村居民相比，精神分裂症在城市居民中更普遍。迈耶-林登贝格博士很慎重，没有声称他的研究结果表明了这种关联是因果关系。但是，他们也许是因果关系。
Dr Meyer-Lindenberg and his team conducted severalsubsequent experiments to check their findings.They asked participants to complete more mathstestsand also tests in which they mentally rotatedan objectwhile investigators chided them abouttheir performance. The results matched those ofthe first test. They also studied another group ofvolunteers, who were given stress-free tasks tocomplete. These experiments showed no activity ineither the amygdalas or the pACC, suggesting thatthe earlier results were indeed the result of socialstress rather than mental exertion.
迈耶-林登贝格博士和他的研究组随后进行了几个实验以证他们的结论。他们要求参与者完成更多的数学测验，还有些测试需要参与者在心里转动物体。所有这些都是在研究者斥责参与者表现的情况下进行的。结果和第一次测试的一样。他们也测试了另一组志愿者，让他们完成一些无压力任务。这些实验表明杏仁核或扣带皮层部位没有活动，这表明之前的结果的确是社会压力的结果，而不是心力疲惫的结果。
As is usually the case in studies of this sort, the sample size was small and the result showed an association, rather than a definite,causal relationship. That association is, nevertheless, interesting. Living in cities brings manybenefits, but Dr Meyer-Lindenbergs work suggests that Shelley and his fellow Romantics had atleast half a point.
这类研究常是如此，样本量小，研究结论表明的仅是一种联系，而不是一个确定的，因果关系。不过，这种联系是令人感兴趣的。生活在城市得到很多好处，但是迈耶-林登贝格博士的研究表明雪莱和他的浪漫主义追随者至少有一半是对的。
A New York state of mind
纽约人的精神状态
Urban brains behave differently from rural ones
城市人的大脑异于乡村
Shelley contemplates urban decay
沉思城市衰落的雪莱
HELL is a city much like London, opined Percy ByssheShelley in 1819. Modern academics agree. Last year Dutchresearchers showed that city dwellers have a 21% higherrisk of developing anxiety disorders than do their calmerrural countrymen, and a 39% higher risk of developingmood disorders. But exactly how the inner workings of theurban and rural minds cause this difference has remainedobscureuntil now. A study just published in Nature byAndreas Meyer-Lindenberg of the University of Heidelbergand his colleagues has used a scanning technique calledfunctional magnetic-resonance imaging toexamine the brains of city dwellers and country bumpkinswhen they are under stress.
1819 年，波比?雪莱认为伦敦市更像一个地狱。现代学者同意这个观点。荷兰研究人员研究表明，城市居民相对稳定的乡村同胞来说，得焦虑症的概率高出21%，得心理障碍疾病的概率高出39%。但是直到现在，城市思想和乡村思想是如何引起这方面差异的确切原因仍旧是不清楚的。最近海德尔堡大学的学者安德烈亚斯? 迈耶-林登贝格和他的同事在《自然》杂志上发表了一个研究，该研究使用称为机能性磁共振图像的扫描技术测试了在压力下城市居民和乡村居民的大脑活动情况。
In Dr Meyer-Lindenbergs first experiment, participants lying with their heads in a scanner tookmaths tests that they were doomed to fail . To make the experience still more humiliating, the team provided negativefeedback through headphones, all the while checking participants for indications of stress, suchas high blood pressure.
在迈耶-林登贝格博士的第一个实验中，参与者躺着头枕在一个扫描器上接受他们注定要失败的数学测验。为了使这活动更加具有羞辱性，研究人员通过耳机给予参与者消极的回答，并一直检测参与者表现出的压力反应，如高血压。
The urbanites general mental health did not differfrom that of their provincial counterparts. However,their brains dealt with the stress imposed by theexperimenters in different ways. These differenceswere noticeable in two regions: the amygdalas andthe perigenual anterior cingulate cortex . Theamygdalas are a pair of structures, one in eachcerebral hemisphere, that are found deep inside thebrain and are responsible for assessing threats andgenerating the emotion of fear. The pACC is part ofthe cerebral cortex that regulates the amygdalas.
都市人总体的心理健康状况与他们所在地区的其他人没有什么差别。但是，他们应对实验者给予压力的方法不同。这些差别主要在两地地方：杏仁核和扣带皮层部分。杏仁核有一对，大脑左右半球各一个，它在大脑深处，与判断威胁和产生害怕情绪有关。扣带皮层部位是大脑皮层的一部分，它对杏仁核进行调节。
People living in the countryside had the lowest levels of activity in their amygdalas. Those livingin towns had higher levels. City dwellers had the highest. Not that surprising, to those of aShelleyesque disposition. In the case of the pACC, however, what mattered was not wheresomeone was living now, but where he or she was brought up. The more urban a personschildhood, the more active his pACC, regardless of where he was dwelling at the time of theexperiment.
生活在乡村的人杏仁核活动水平最低。生活在城镇的人的杏仁核活动水平高些。城市居民杏仁核活动水平最高。对于雪莱式性情的人，这没有什么奇怪的。然而，在扣带皮层部位情况下，重要的不是一个人现在生活在哪，而是他或他在那长大。不管在实验的时候他住在哪，只要一个人的童年时期生活在城市的时间越长，他的扣带皮层部位就越活跃。
The amygdalas thus seem to respond to the here-and-now whereas the pACC is programmedearly on, and does not react in the same, flexible way as the amygdalas. Second-to-secondchanges in its activity might, though, be expected to be correlated with changes in theamygdalas, because of its role in regulating them. fMRI allows such correlations to bemeasured.
虽然扣带皮层部位控制着杏仁核，但似乎杏仁核是此时此刻的及时回应，扣带皮层部位并没有像杏仁核那样做出相同，柔性的反应。扣带皮层部位接下来每秒钟活动的变化，也许与杏仁核的变化有关，因为扣带皮层部位控制着杏仁核。 fMRI 显示了这样的测量关系。
In the cases of those brought up in the countryside, regardless of where they now live, thecorrelations were as expected. For those brought up in cities, however, these correlations brokedown. The regulatory mechanism of the native urbanite, in other words, seems to be out ofkilter. Further evidence, then, for Shelleys point of view. Moreover, it is also known that thepACC-amygdala link is often out of kilter in schizophrenia, and that schizophrenia is morecommon among city dwellers than country folk. Dr Meyer-Lindenberg is careful not to claim thathis results show the cause of this connection. But they might.
在乡村长大的人，不管他们现在住在那，这种相互关系都是不出所料的。然而对于在城市长大的人来说，这种相互关系已经不存在了。换句话说，土生土长的城市人的调控机制似乎脱离了平衡。这是证明雪莱观点的更近一步的证据。而且，众所周知，在精神分裂症病人中，扣带皮层-杏仁核的联系是脱离平衡的，和乡村居民相比，精神分裂症在城市居民中更普遍。迈耶-林登贝格博士很慎重，没有声称他的研究结果表明了这种关联是因果关系。但是，他们也许是因果关系。
Dr Meyer-Lindenberg and his team conducted severalsubsequent experiments to check their findings.They asked participants to complete more mathstestsand also tests in which they mentally rotatedan objectwhile investigators chided them abouttheir performance. The results matched those ofthe first test. They also studied another group ofvolunteers, who were given stress-free tasks tocomplete. These experiments showed no activity ineither the amygdalas or the pACC, suggesting thatthe earlier results were indeed the result of socialstress rather than mental exertion.
迈耶-林登贝格博士和他的研究组随后进行了几个实验以证他们的结论。他们要求参与者完成更多的数学测验，还有些测试需要参与者在心里转动物体。所有这些都是在研究者斥责参与者表现的情况下进行的。结果和第一次测试的一样。他们也测试了另一组志愿者，让他们完成一些无压力任务。这些实验表明杏仁核或扣带皮层部位没有活动，这表明之前的结果的确是社会压力的结果，而不是心力疲惫的结果。
As is usually the case in studies of this sort, the sample size was small and the result showed an association, rather than a definite,causal relationship. That association is, nevertheless, interesting. Living in cities brings manybenefits, but Dr Meyer-Lindenbergs work suggests that Shelley and his fellow Romantics had atleast half a point.
这类研究常是如此，样本量小，研究结论表明的仅是一种联系，而不是一个确定的，因果关系。不过，这种联系是令人感兴趣的。生活在城市得到很多好处，但是迈耶-林登贝格博士的研究表明雪莱和他的浪漫主义追随者至少有一半是对的。
