公务员与财政紧缩
2023复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 Civil servants and austerity 公务员与财政紧缩 The times they aren t a-changin 不曾变革的时代 Civil-service payrolls have held up surprisingly well 一直以来，公务员的薪酬都出奇地好 AFTER the party, the hangover. 盛宴之后，宿醉来临。 When debt-fuelled economic growth came to a crashing halt in the financial crisis of 2008,governments across much of the rich world sought to cut spending. 在2008年的经济危机中，由债务推动的经济增长模式彻底崩溃，随后许多富裕经济体政府则力图缩减开支。 One obvious target was the state s payroll. 而其中一个明显的着手点便是公务员薪酬支出。 Leviathan s minions are certainly costly. 利维坦仆从们的耗费当然不菲。 In the European Union public-sector wages and salaries take up about 10% of GDP. 在欧盟国家当中，公共部门的薪水支出大约占国民总收入的10%。 The Initiative for Policy Dialogue, based at Columbia University, reckons that since 2010almost 100 governments have set out plans to cut their payrolls. 据哥伦比亚大学的政策对话倡议组织估计，自2010年以来，已有接近100个政府着手削减他们的公务员薪酬开支。 Some cuts may be savage. 一些裁员计划或许能用残忍来形容。 The headcount in many British government departments may fall by as much as 40% by 2023from current levels, says a recent report from the Institute for Fiscal Studies, a think-tank. 近期一篇来自英国政府智囊团财政研究院的报告表明，英国许多政府部门将于在2023年之前裁减目前总数40%的员工。 Relative to its 2023 level Italy plans to jettison 20% of public-administration managers by2023. 而意大利政府则计划于2023年之前裁减相当于2023年总量20%的公务员。 However, aggregated data on public-sector headcounts offer some surprises. 然而，公共部门员工的统计数据却有些出人意料。 Whereas Britain s public-sector workforce has already contracted by 8% since 2007, inGermany and France the number has increased. 自2007年起英国政府公务员人数已缩减了8%，与此相反的是德国与法国方面却在增加。 More intriguing still is what has happened to compensation coststhe amountgovernments pay bureaucrats in wages and salaries, but not pensions. 更耐人寻味的是官僚薪酬待遇变化情况，而不是津贴方面的问题。 Of the 30 countries in a Eurostat database, half are spending more after inflation on publicemployees than they were in 2007, even in cases where headcount has fallen. 据欧盟统计局的资料显示，有半数国家公务员薪酬开支与2007年的水平相比有所提升。 The euro zone as a whole spends only 1.7% less on government wages than it did six yearsago. 其中部分国家甚至已经着手削减了其公务员规模。以欧元区国家作为整体来统计，其公务员薪酬开支仅比6年前减少了1.7%。 Belgium spends 10% more, Luxembourg 24%. 与此同时，比利时政府反而增加了10%，卢森堡增加了24%。 And since 2007, 21 countries, including Cyprus, Italy and France, have not cut theproportion of GDP that they devote to public servants wages. 自2007年以来，有21个国家仍未削减公务员薪酬，这其中包括塞浦路斯、意大利和法国。 Finding explanations for dearer public payslips is tricky. 要为日益高昂的政府工资单找理由，不是一件容易的事情。 One reason might be wage driftthe automatic increases in salaries that can occur as civilservants are granted annual promotions in seniority, simply for having been in their jobs foranother year. 其中一个原因或许可以总结为工资浮动这一机制确保了公务员薪酬随着职位的逐年提升而增加，而职位的提升往往并不需要什么理由，仅仅在自己的岗位上又待了一年的公务员便可获得提升。 In 2023, for example, more than 600,000 staff from Britain s National Health Service receivedrises averaging 3.5%, despite a pay freeze. 例如，除了一次薪金冻结之外，英国国家医疗卫生服务系统超过60万名员工，在2023年得到了平均3.5%的薪金涨幅。 In 2010 Barack Obama also decided to freeze government pay, yet the median salary forfederal employees climbed by over $3,000 during the following two years. 在2010年，美国总统奥巴马虽然同样地实施了薪金冻结，然而在其后的两年内，公务员薪酬中位数则突破了3000美元的大关。 Wage drift could outweigh the effect of reduced headcount, which is likely to beconcentrated in the lower echelons of the civil service. 工资浮动机制的影响，可能远比裁减人员的作用更大，而这是由于政府的裁员计划主要面向低层公务员。 Another possibility, suggests Alberto Alesina of Harvard University, is that governmentssimply failed to implement planned spending cuts. 哈佛大学的艾尔波托?艾莱斯那表示还有另一种可能：简单地说，那就是政府没有去执行早已制定好的开支削减计划。 At the end of January Greece s highest administrative court ruled that pay reductions for thearmed forces and emergency services were unconstitutional: the government now faces aheavy bill in back pay. 在一月底，希腊最高行政法院宣布，政府对军队以及应急服务部门的经费削减行为是违宪的：这意味着政府现在要面对的是堆积如山的欠薪账单。 Portugal s constitutional court also opposed the scrapping of Christmas bonuses for civilservants on similar grounds. 同样地，葡萄牙宪法法庭也反对其政府取消相关部门公务员圣诞节奖金的计划。 These data are worrisome. 以上种种数据令人十分不安。 The implicit trade-off of austerity was pain now, prosperity later. 如今交由政府当局权衡的利弊是自己能否忍受开支削减的痛苦，以换取将来的经济繁荣。 Yet as growth in advanced economies picks up, many civil services seem no morestreamlined than before. 但随着发达国家经济增长复苏，许多公共服务将愈发臃肿不堪。 词语解释 1.financial crisis 财务危机 Did the financial crisis change very much? 金融危机是否带来了许多变化? The international monetary fund is in financialcrisis. 国际货币基金组织正处于财政危机之中。 2.take up 开始从事;接受 But a plot description could take up all my space, and more. 一个情节的描述会占用我的全部空间还不够。 Ten billion twitter messages take up little storage space: about five terabytes of data. 一百亿条twitter信息所占用的存储空间很小：约五万亿字节数据。 3.plan to 打算,计划 Many plan to stomach more risk. 许多人计划承担更多的风险。 Other countries plan to buy or build more. 其他国家也打算购买或建造更多的潜艇。 4.as much as 差不多 But the most swingeing cuts were to pensions, which were slashed by as much as 55%. 但是大部分大幅的削减都是在养老金上面的，足足高达55%。 Because he believes you doubt him as much as he doubts himself. 因为他相信你会怀疑他就像他怀疑他自己一样。
2023复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 Civil servants and austerity 公务员与财政紧缩 The times they aren t a-changin 不曾变革的时代 Civil-service payrolls have held up surprisingly well 一直以来，公务员的薪酬都出奇地好 AFTER the party, the hangover. 盛宴之后，宿醉来临。 When debt-fuelled economic growth came to a crashing halt in the financial crisis of 2008,governments across much of the rich world sought to cut spending. 在2008年的经济危机中，由债务推动的经济增长模式彻底崩溃，随后许多富裕经济体政府则力图缩减开支。 One obvious target was the state s payroll. 而其中一个明显的着手点便是公务员薪酬支出。 Leviathan s minions are certainly costly. 利维坦仆从们的耗费当然不菲。 In the European Union public-sector wages and salaries take up about 10% of GDP. 在欧盟国家当中，公共部门的薪水支出大约占国民总收入的10%。 The Initiative for Policy Dialogue, based at Columbia University, reckons that since 2010almost 100 governments have set out plans to cut their payrolls. 据哥伦比亚大学的政策对话倡议组织估计，自2010年以来，已有接近100个政府着手削减他们的公务员薪酬开支。 Some cuts may be savage. 一些裁员计划或许能用残忍来形容。 The headcount in many British government departments may fall by as much as 40% by 2023from current levels, says a recent report from the Institute for Fiscal Studies, a think-tank. 近期一篇来自英国政府智囊团财政研究院的报告表明，英国许多政府部门将于在2023年之前裁减目前总数40%的员工。 Relative to its 2023 level Italy plans to jettison 20% of public-administration managers by2023. 而意大利政府则计划于2023年之前裁减相当于2023年总量20%的公务员。 However, aggregated data on public-sector headcounts offer some surprises. 然而，公共部门员工的统计数据却有些出人意料。 Whereas Britain s public-sector workforce has already contracted by 8% since 2007, inGermany and France the number has increased. 自2007年起英国政府公务员人数已缩减了8%，与此相反的是德国与法国方面却在增加。 More intriguing still is what has happened to compensation coststhe amountgovernments pay bureaucrats in wages and salaries, but not pensions. 更耐人寻味的是官僚薪酬待遇变化情况，而不是津贴方面的问题。 Of the 30 countries in a Eurostat database, half are spending more after inflation on publicemployees than they were in 2007, even in cases where headcount has fallen. 据欧盟统计局的资料显示，有半数国家公务员薪酬开支与2007年的水平相比有所提升。 The euro zone as a whole spends only 1.7% less on government wages than it did six yearsago. 其中部分国家甚至已经着手削减了其公务员规模。以欧元区国家作为整体来统计，其公务员薪酬开支仅比6年前减少了1.7%。 Belgium spends 10% more, Luxembourg 24%. 与此同时，比利时政府反而增加了10%，卢森堡增加了24%。 And since 2007, 21 countries, including Cyprus, Italy and France, have not cut theproportion of GDP that they devote to public servants wages. 自2007年以来，有21个国家仍未削减公务员薪酬，这其中包括塞浦路斯、意大利和法国。 Finding explanations for dearer public payslips is tricky. 要为日益高昂的政府工资单找理由，不是一件容易的事情。 One reason might be wage driftthe automatic increases in salaries that can occur as civilservants are granted annual promotions in seniority, simply for having been in their jobs foranother year. 其中一个原因或许可以总结为工资浮动这一机制确保了公务员薪酬随着职位的逐年提升而增加，而职位的提升往往并不需要什么理由，仅仅在自己的岗位上又待了一年的公务员便可获得提升。 In 2023, for example, more than 600,000 staff from Britain s National Health Service receivedrises averaging 3.5%, despite a pay freeze. 例如，除了一次薪金冻结之外，英国国家医疗卫生服务系统超过60万名员工，在2023年得到了平均3.5%的薪金涨幅。 In 2010 Barack Obama also decided to freeze government pay, yet the median salary forfederal employees climbed by over $3,000 during the following two years. 在2010年，美国总统奥巴马虽然同样地实施了薪金冻结，然而在其后的两年内，公务员薪酬中位数则突破了3000美元的大关。 Wage drift could outweigh the effect of reduced headcount, which is likely to beconcentrated in the lower echelons of the civil service. 工资浮动机制的影响，可能远比裁减人员的作用更大，而这是由于政府的裁员计划主要面向低层公务员。 Another possibility, suggests Alberto Alesina of Harvard University, is that governmentssimply failed to implement planned spending cuts. 哈佛大学的艾尔波托?艾莱斯那表示还有另一种可能：简单地说，那就是政府没有去执行早已制定好的开支削减计划。 At the end of January Greece s highest administrative court ruled that pay reductions for thearmed forces and emergency services were unconstitutional: the government now faces aheavy bill in back pay. 在一月底，希腊最高行政法院宣布，政府对军队以及应急服务部门的经费削减行为是违宪的：这意味着政府现在要面对的是堆积如山的欠薪账单。 Portugal s constitutional court also opposed the scrapping of Christmas bonuses for civilservants on similar grounds. 同样地，葡萄牙宪法法庭也反对其政府取消相关部门公务员圣诞节奖金的计划。 These data are worrisome. 以上种种数据令人十分不安。 The implicit trade-off of austerity was pain now, prosperity later. 如今交由政府当局权衡的利弊是自己能否忍受开支削减的痛苦，以换取将来的经济繁荣。 Yet as growth in advanced economies picks up, many civil services seem no morestreamlined than before. 但随着发达国家经济增长复苏，许多公共服务将愈发臃肿不堪。 词语解释 1.financial crisis 财务危机 Did the financial crisis change very much? 金融危机是否带来了许多变化? The international monetary fund is in financialcrisis. 国际货币基金组织正处于财政危机之中。 2.take up 开始从事;接受 But a plot description could take up all my space, and more. 一个情节的描述会占用我的全部空间还不够。 Ten billion twitter messages take up little storage space: about five terabytes of data. 一百亿条twitter信息所占用的存储空间很小：约五万亿字节数据。 3.plan to 打算,计划 Many plan to stomach more risk. 许多人计划承担更多的风险。 Other countries plan to buy or build more. 其他国家也打算购买或建造更多的潜艇。 4.as much as 差不多 But the most swingeing cuts were to pensions, which were slashed by as much as 55%. 但是大部分大幅的削减都是在养老金上面的，足足高达55%。 Because he believes you doubt him as much as he doubts himself. 因为他相信你会怀疑他就像他怀疑他自己一样。
