2023考研英语阅读经典试题及答案

雕龙文库 分享 时间: 收藏本文

2023考研英语阅读经典试题及答案

  SAMPLE 25

  [动物学类]

  Investigators of monkeys social behavior have always been struck by monkeys aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior. Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it, as well as the social mechanisms that control it, were therefore among the first investigations of monkeys social behavior.

  Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete for any resource in the environment: hungry monkeys would fight over food, thirsty monkeys would fight over water, and, in general, at time more than one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously, a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form of aggression. However, the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwicks on the reduction of space or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporary increases in intragroup aggression. Indeed, food deprivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in decreased frequencies of aggression.

  Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme food deprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almost all available energy to foraging, with little energy remaining for aggressive interaction. Furthermore, accumulating evidence from later studies of a variety of primate groups, for example, the study conducted by Bernstein, indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group. Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition.

  These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because, in the absence of a social order, one must be established to control interanimal relationships. When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization, the newcomer meets even more serious aggression. Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order, in the second case resident animals mob the intruder, thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit. The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect, if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets. If, however, the several animals introduced a group constitute their own social unit, each group may fight the opposing group as a unit; but, again, no individual is subjected to mass attack, and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat. The submission of the defeated group, rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group, reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack. Monkey groups therefore seem to be organized primarily to maintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities per se.

  1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with

  [A] advancing a new methodology for changing a monkeys social behavior.

  [B] comparing the methods of several research studies on aggression among monkeys.

  [C] explaining the reasons for researchers interest in monkeys social behavior.

  [D] discussing the development of investigators theories about aggression among monkeys.

  2. Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the text about the effects of food deprivation on monkeys behavior?

  [A] Food deprivation has no effect on aggression among monkeys.

  [B] Food deprivation increases aggression among monkeys because one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the competition for incentives.

  [C] Food deprivation may increase long-term aggression among monkeys in a laboratory setting, but it produces only temporary increase among monkeys in the wild.

  [D] Food deprivation may temporarily increase aggression among monkeys, but it also leads to a decrease in conflict.

  3. The text suggests that investigators of monkeys social behavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because

  [A] aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeys.

  [B] successful competition for incentives determines the social order in a monkey group.

  [C] situation that elicit aggressive behavior can be studied in a laboratory.

  [D] most monkeys are potentially aggressive, yet they live in social units that could not function without control of their aggressive impulses.

  4. The text supplies information to answer which of the following questions?

  [A] How does the reduction of space affect intragroup aggression among monkeys in an experimental setting?

  [B] Do family units within a monkey social group compete with other family units for food?

  [C] What are the mechanisms by which the social order of an established group of monkeys controls aggression within that group?

  [D] How do monkeys engaged in aggression with other monkeys signal submission?

  5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph?

  [A] A hypothesis is explained and counter evidence is described.

  [B] A theory is advanced and specific evidence supporting it is cited.

  [C] Field observations are described and a conclusion about their significance is drawn.

  [D] Two theories are explained and evidence supporting each of them is detailed.

  

  SAMPLE 25

  [动物学类]

  Investigators of monkeys social behavior have always been struck by monkeys aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior. Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it, as well as the social mechanisms that control it, were therefore among the first investigations of monkeys social behavior.

  Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete for any resource in the environment: hungry monkeys would fight over food, thirsty monkeys would fight over water, and, in general, at time more than one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously, a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form of aggression. However, the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwicks on the reduction of space or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporary increases in intragroup aggression. Indeed, food deprivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in decreased frequencies of aggression.

  Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme food deprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almost all available energy to foraging, with little energy remaining for aggressive interaction. Furthermore, accumulating evidence from later studies of a variety of primate groups, for example, the study conducted by Bernstein, indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group. Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition.

  These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because, in the absence of a social order, one must be established to control interanimal relationships. When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization, the newcomer meets even more serious aggression. Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order, in the second case resident animals mob the intruder, thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit. The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect, if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets. If, however, the several animals introduced a group constitute their own social unit, each group may fight the opposing group as a unit; but, again, no individual is subjected to mass attack, and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat. The submission of the defeated group, rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group, reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack. Monkey groups therefore seem to be organized primarily to maintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities per se.

  1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with

  [A] advancing a new methodology for changing a monkeys social behavior.

  [B] comparing the methods of several research studies on aggression among monkeys.

  [C] explaining the reasons for researchers interest in monkeys social behavior.

  [D] discussing the development of investigators theories about aggression among monkeys.

  2. Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the text about the effects of food deprivation on monkeys behavior?

  [A] Food deprivation has no effect on aggression among monkeys.

  [B] Food deprivation increases aggression among monkeys because one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the competition for incentives.

  [C] Food deprivation may increase long-term aggression among monkeys in a laboratory setting, but it produces only temporary increase among monkeys in the wild.

  [D] Food deprivation may temporarily increase aggression among monkeys, but it also leads to a decrease in conflict.

  3. The text suggests that investigators of monkeys social behavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because

  [A] aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeys.

  [B] successful competition for incentives determines the social order in a monkey group.

  [C] situation that elicit aggressive behavior can be studied in a laboratory.

  [D] most monkeys are potentially aggressive, yet they live in social units that could not function without control of their aggressive impulses.

  4. The text supplies information to answer which of the following questions?

  [A] How does the reduction of space affect intragroup aggression among monkeys in an experimental setting?

  [B] Do family units within a monkey social group compete with other family units for food?

  [C] What are the mechanisms by which the social order of an established group of monkeys controls aggression within that group?

  [D] How do monkeys engaged in aggression with other monkeys signal submission?

  5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph?

  [A] A hypothesis is explained and counter evidence is described.

  [B] A theory is advanced and specific evidence supporting it is cited.

  [C] Field observations are described and a conclusion about their significance is drawn.

  [D] Two theories are explained and evidence supporting each of them is detailed.

  

信息流广告 网络推广 周易 易经 代理招生 二手车 网络营销 招生代理 旅游攻略 非物质文化遗产 查字典 精雕图 戏曲下载 抖音代运营 易学网 互联网资讯 成语 成语故事 诗词 工商注册 注册公司 抖音带货 云南旅游网 网络游戏 代理记账 短视频运营 在线题库 国学网 知识产权 抖音运营 雕龙客 雕塑 奇石 散文 自学教程 常用文书 河北生活网 好书推荐 游戏攻略 心理测试 石家庄人才网 考研真题 汉语知识 心理咨询 手游安卓版下载 兴趣爱好 网络知识 十大品牌排行榜 商标交易 单机游戏下载 短视频代运营 宝宝起名 范文网 电商设计 免费发布信息 服装服饰 律师咨询 搜救犬 Chat GPT中文版 经典范文 优质范文 工作总结 二手车估价 实用范文 爱采购代运营 古诗词 衡水人才网 石家庄点痣 养花 名酒回收 石家庄代理记账 女士发型 搜搜作文 石家庄人才网 铜雕 词典 围棋 chatGPT 读后感 玄机派 企业服务 法律咨询 chatGPT国内版 chatGPT官网 励志名言 河北代理记账公司 文玩 朋友圈文案 语料库 游戏推荐 男士发型 高考作文 PS修图 儿童文学 买车咨询 工作计划 礼品厂 舟舟培训 IT教程 手机游戏推荐排行榜 暖通,电采暖, 女性健康 苗木供应 主题模板 短视频培训 优秀个人博客 包装网 创业赚钱 养生 民间借贷律师 绿色软件 安卓手机游戏 手机软件下载 手机游戏下载 单机游戏大全 免费软件下载 网赚 手游下载 游戏盒子 职业培训 资格考试 成语大全 英语培训 艺术培训 少儿培训 苗木网 雕塑网 好玩的手机游戏推荐 汉语词典 中国机械网 美文欣赏 红楼梦 道德经 网站转让 鲜花 社区团购 社区电商